Loading...
1.. _changes:
2
3Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
4++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
5
6Intro
7=====
8
9This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
10software necessary to run the 4.x kernels.
11
12This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
13and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
14Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
15'net).
16
17Current Minimal Requirements
18****************************
19
20Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
21encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
22running, the suggested command should tell you.
23
24Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
25running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
26systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example,
27you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.
28
29====================== =============== ========================================
30 Program Minimal version Command to check the version
31====================== =============== ========================================
32GNU C 4.9 gcc --version
33Clang/LLVM (optional) 10.0.1 clang --version
34GNU make 3.81 make --version
35binutils 2.23 ld -v
36flex 2.5.35 flex --version
37bison 2.0 bison --version
38util-linux 2.10o fdformat --version
39kmod 13 depmod -V
40e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
41jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
42reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
43xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
44squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
45btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
46pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
47quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
48PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
49nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
50procps 3.2.0 ps --version
51udev 081 udevd --version
52grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
53mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
54iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
55openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
56bc 1.06.95 bc --version
57Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 1.3 sphinx-build --version
58====================== =============== ========================================
59
60.. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation
61
62Kernel compilation
63******************
64
65GCC
66---
67
68The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
69computer.
70
71Clang/LLVM (optional)
72---------------------
73
74The latest formal release of clang and LLVM utils (according to
75`releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org>`_) are supported for building
76kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to work, and we may drop workarounds
77from the kernel that were used to support older versions. Please see additional
78docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM <kbuild_llvm>`.
79
80Make
81----
82
83You will need GNU make 3.81 or later to build the kernel.
84
85Binutils
86--------
87
88Binutils 2.23 or newer is needed to build the kernel.
89
90pkg-config
91----------
92
93The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed
94kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in
95'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not
96verified or documented.
97
98Flex
99----
100
101Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
102during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.
103
104
105Bison
106-----
107
108Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
109during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.
110
111Perl
112----
113
114You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
115``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
116
117BC
118--
119
120You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
121
122
123OpenSSL
124-------
125
126Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
127crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
128
129You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
130enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
131and higher.
132
133
134System utilities
135****************
136
137Architectural changes
138---------------------
139
140DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
141(https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
142
14332-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
144
145Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
146documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
147definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
148files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
149then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
150In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
151Sphinx.
152
153Util-linux
154----------
155
156New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
157support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
158types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
159You'll probably want to upgrade.
160
161Ksymoops
162--------
163
164If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
165ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
166It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
167that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
168produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
169is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
170reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
171with ksymoops.
172
173Mkinitrd
174--------
175
176These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
177mkinitrd be upgraded.
178
179E2fsprogs
180---------
181
182The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
183debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
184
185JFSutils
186--------
187
188The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
189The following utilities are available:
190
191- ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
192 and repair a JFS formatted partition.
193
194- ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
195
196- other file system utilities are also available in this package.
197
198Reiserfsprogs
199-------------
200
201The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
202(Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
203versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
204``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
205
206Xfsprogs
207--------
208
209The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
210``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
211architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
212work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
213later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
214
215PCMCIAutils
216-----------
217
218PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
219PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
220for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
221subsystem is used.
222
223Quota-tools
224-----------
225
226Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
227the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
228newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
229from the table above.
230
231Intel IA32 microcode
232--------------------
233
234A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
235accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
236udev you may need to::
237
238 mkdir /dev/cpu
239 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
240 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
241
242as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
243get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
244
245udev
246----
247
248``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
249only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
250functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
251devices.
252
253FUSE
254----
255
256Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
257options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
258
259Networking
260**********
261
262General changes
263---------------
264
265If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
266consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
267
268Packet Filter / NAT
269-------------------
270The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
271kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
272for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
273
274PPP
275---
276
277The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
278enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
279upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
280
281If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
282which can be made by::
283
284 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
285
286as root.
287
288NFS-utils
289---------
290
291In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
292about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
293information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
294mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
295would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
296
297This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
298which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
299fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
300getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
301
302With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
303when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
304appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
305dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
306currently active clients.
307
308To enable this new functionality, you need to::
309
310 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
311
312before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
313services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
314that is possible.
315
316mcelog
317------
318
319On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
320events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
321reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
322
323Kernel documentation
324********************
325
326Sphinx
327------
328
329Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
330for details about Sphinx requirements.
331
332Getting updated software
333========================
334
335Kernel compilation
336******************
337
338gcc
339---
340
341- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
342
343Clang/LLVM
344----------
345
346- :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`.
347
348Make
349----
350
351- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
352
353Binutils
354--------
355
356- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
357
358Flex
359----
360
361- <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>
362
363Bison
364-----
365
366- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>
367
368OpenSSL
369-------
370
371- <https://www.openssl.org/>
372
373System utilities
374****************
375
376Util-linux
377----------
378
379- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
380
381Kmod
382----
383
384- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/>
385- <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git>
386
387Ksymoops
388--------
389
390- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
391
392Mkinitrd
393--------
394
395- <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
396
397E2fsprogs
398---------
399
400- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/>
401- <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git/>
402
403JFSutils
404--------
405
406- <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
407
408Reiserfsprogs
409-------------
410
411- <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeffm/reiserfsprogs.git/>
412
413Xfsprogs
414--------
415
416- <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfsprogs-dev.git>
417- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/xfs/xfsprogs/>
418
419Pcmciautils
420-----------
421
422- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
423
424Quota-tools
425-----------
426
427- <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
428
429
430Intel P6 microcode
431------------------
432
433- <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
434
435udev
436----
437
438- <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
439
440FUSE
441----
442
443- <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases>
444
445mcelog
446------
447
448- <http://www.mcelog.org/>
449
450Networking
451**********
452
453PPP
454---
455
456- <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
457- <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git>
458- <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/>
459
460NFS-utils
461---------
462
463- <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
464
465Iptables
466--------
467
468- <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html>
469
470Ip-route2
471---------
472
473- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
474
475OProfile
476--------
477
478- <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
479
480NFS-Utils
481---------
482
483- <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
484
485Kernel documentation
486********************
487
488Sphinx
489------
490
491- <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>
1.. _changes:
2
3Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
4++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
5
6Intro
7=====
8
9This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
10software necessary to run the current kernel version.
11
12This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
13and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
14Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
15'net).
16
17Current Minimal Requirements
18****************************
19
20Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
21encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
22running, the suggested command should tell you.
23
24Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
25running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
26systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example,
27you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.
28
29====================== =============== ========================================
30 Program Minimal version Command to check the version
31====================== =============== ========================================
32GNU C 5.1 gcc --version
33Clang/LLVM (optional) 11.0.0 clang --version
34Rust (optional) 1.74.1 rustc --version
35bindgen (optional) 0.65.1 bindgen --version
36GNU make 3.82 make --version
37bash 4.2 bash --version
38binutils 2.25 ld -v
39flex 2.5.35 flex --version
40bison 2.0 bison --version
41pahole 1.16 pahole --version
42util-linux 2.10o mount --version
43kmod 13 depmod -V
44e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
45jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
46reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
47xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
48squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
49btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
50pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
51quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
52PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
53nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
54procps 3.2.0 ps --version
55udev 081 udevd --version
56grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
57mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
58iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
59openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
60bc 1.06.95 bc --version
61Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 2.4.4 sphinx-build --version
62cpio any cpio --version
63GNU tar 1.28 tar --version
64gtags (optional) 6.6.5 gtags --version
65====================== =============== ========================================
66
67.. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation
68
69Kernel compilation
70******************
71
72GCC
73---
74
75The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
76computer.
77
78Clang/LLVM (optional)
79---------------------
80
81The latest formal release of clang and LLVM utils (according to
82`releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org>`_) are supported for building
83kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to work, and we may drop workarounds
84from the kernel that were used to support older versions. Please see additional
85docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM <kbuild_llvm>`.
86
87Rust (optional)
88---------------
89
90A particular version of the Rust toolchain is required. Newer versions may or
91may not work because the kernel depends on some unstable Rust features, for
92the moment.
93
94Each Rust toolchain comes with several "components", some of which are required
95(like ``rustc``) and some that are optional. The ``rust-src`` component (which
96is optional) needs to be installed to build the kernel. Other components are
97useful for developing.
98
99Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst for instructions on how to
100satisfy the build requirements of Rust support. In particular, the ``Makefile``
101target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check why the Rust toolchain may not
102be detected.
103
104bindgen (optional)
105------------------
106
107``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindings to the C side of the kernel.
108It depends on ``libclang``.
109
110Make
111----
112
113You will need GNU make 3.82 or later to build the kernel.
114
115Bash
116----
117
118Some bash scripts are used for the kernel build.
119Bash 4.2 or newer is needed.
120
121Binutils
122--------
123
124Binutils 2.25 or newer is needed to build the kernel.
125
126pkg-config
127----------
128
129The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed
130kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in
131'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not
132verified or documented.
133
134Flex
135----
136
137Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
138during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.
139
140
141Bison
142-----
143
144Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
145during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.
146
147pahole:
148-------
149
150Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is selected, the build system
151generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in vmlinux, a bit later from kernel
152modules as well. This requires pahole v1.16 or later.
153
154It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distro packages or from
155https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/.
156
157Perl
158----
159
160You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
161``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
162
163BC
164--
165
166You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
167
168
169OpenSSL
170-------
171
172Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
173crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
174
175You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
176enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
177and higher.
178
179Tar
180---
181
182GNU tar is needed if you want to enable access to the kernel headers via sysfs
183(CONFIG_IKHEADERS).
184
185gtags / GNU GLOBAL (optional)
186-----------------------------
187
188The kernel build requires GNU GLOBAL version 6.6.5 or later to generate
189tag files through ``make gtags``. This is due to its use of the gtags
190``-C (--directory)`` flag.
191
192System utilities
193****************
194
195Architectural changes
196---------------------
197
198DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
199(https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
200
20132-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
202
203Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
204documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
205definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
206files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
207then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
208In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
209Sphinx.
210
211Util-linux
212----------
213
214New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
215support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
216types, and similar goodies.
217You'll probably want to upgrade.
218
219Ksymoops
220--------
221
222If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
223ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
224It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
225that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
226produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
227is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
228reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
229with ksymoops.
230
231Mkinitrd
232--------
233
234These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
235mkinitrd be upgraded.
236
237E2fsprogs
238---------
239
240The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
241debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
242
243JFSutils
244--------
245
246The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
247The following utilities are available:
248
249- ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
250 and repair a JFS formatted partition.
251
252- ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
253
254- other file system utilities are also available in this package.
255
256Reiserfsprogs
257-------------
258
259The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
260(Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
261versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
262``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
263
264Xfsprogs
265--------
266
267The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
268``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
269architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
270work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
271later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
272
273PCMCIAutils
274-----------
275
276PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
277PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
278for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
279subsystem is used.
280
281Quota-tools
282-----------
283
284Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
285the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
286newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
287from the table above.
288
289Intel IA32 microcode
290--------------------
291
292A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
293accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
294udev you may need to::
295
296 mkdir /dev/cpu
297 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
298 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
299
300as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
301get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
302
303udev
304----
305
306``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
307only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
308functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
309devices.
310
311FUSE
312----
313
314Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
315options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
316
317Networking
318**********
319
320General changes
321---------------
322
323If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
324consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
325
326Packet Filter / NAT
327-------------------
328The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
329kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
330for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
331
332PPP
333---
334
335The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
336enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
337upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
338
339If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
340which can be made by::
341
342 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
343
344as root.
345
346NFS-utils
347---------
348
349In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
350about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
351information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
352mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
353would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
354
355This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
356which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
357fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
358getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
359
360With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
361when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
362appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
363dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
364currently active clients.
365
366To enable this new functionality, you need to::
367
368 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
369
370before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
371services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
372that is possible.
373
374mcelog
375------
376
377On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
378events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
379reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
380
381Kernel documentation
382********************
383
384Sphinx
385------
386
387Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
388for details about Sphinx requirements.
389
390rustdoc
391-------
392
393``rustdoc`` is used to generate the documentation for Rust code. Please see
394Documentation/rust/general-information.rst for more information.
395
396Getting updated software
397========================
398
399Kernel compilation
400******************
401
402gcc
403---
404
405- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
406
407Clang/LLVM
408----------
409
410- :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`.
411
412Rust
413----
414
415- Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
416
417bindgen
418-------
419
420- Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
421
422Make
423----
424
425- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
426
427Bash
428----
429
430- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/>
431
432Binutils
433--------
434
435- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
436
437Flex
438----
439
440- <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>
441
442Bison
443-----
444
445- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>
446
447OpenSSL
448-------
449
450- <https://www.openssl.org/>
451
452System utilities
453****************
454
455Util-linux
456----------
457
458- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
459
460Kmod
461----
462
463- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/>
464- <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git>
465
466Ksymoops
467--------
468
469- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
470
471Mkinitrd
472--------
473
474- <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
475
476E2fsprogs
477---------
478
479- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/>
480- <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git/>
481
482JFSutils
483--------
484
485- <https://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
486
487Reiserfsprogs
488-------------
489
490- <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeffm/reiserfsprogs.git/>
491
492Xfsprogs
493--------
494
495- <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfsprogs-dev.git>
496- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/xfs/xfsprogs/>
497
498Pcmciautils
499-----------
500
501- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
502
503Quota-tools
504-----------
505
506- <https://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
507
508
509Intel P6 microcode
510------------------
511
512- <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
513
514udev
515----
516
517- <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
518
519FUSE
520----
521
522- <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases>
523
524mcelog
525------
526
527- <https://www.mcelog.org/>
528
529cpio
530----
531
532- <https://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/>
533
534Networking
535**********
536
537PPP
538---
539
540- <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
541- <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git>
542- <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/>
543
544NFS-utils
545---------
546
547- <https://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
548- <https://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
549
550Iptables
551--------
552
553- <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html>
554
555Ip-route2
556---------
557
558- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
559
560OProfile
561--------
562
563- <https://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
564
565Kernel documentation
566********************
567
568Sphinx
569------
570
571- <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>