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1PCI Power Management
2
3Copyright (c) 2010 Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>, Novell Inc.
4
5An overview of concepts and the Linux kernel's interfaces related to PCI power
6management. Based on previous work by Patrick Mochel <mochel@transmeta.com>
7(and others).
8
9This document only covers the aspects of power management specific to PCI
10devices. For general description of the kernel's interfaces related to device
11power management refer to Documentation/power/devices.txt and
12Documentation/power/runtime_pm.txt.
13
14---------------------------------------------------------------------------
15
161. Hardware and Platform Support for PCI Power Management
172. PCI Subsystem and Device Power Management
183. PCI Device Drivers and Power Management
194. Resources
20
21
221. Hardware and Platform Support for PCI Power Management
23=========================================================
24
251.1. Native and Platform-Based Power Management
26-----------------------------------------------
27In general, power management is a feature allowing one to save energy by putting
28devices into states in which they draw less power (low-power states) at the
29price of reduced functionality or performance.
30
31Usually, a device is put into a low-power state when it is underutilized or
32completely inactive. However, when it is necessary to use the device once
33again, it has to be put back into the "fully functional" state (full-power
34state). This may happen when there are some data for the device to handle or
35as a result of an external event requiring the device to be active, which may
36be signaled by the device itself.
37
38PCI devices may be put into low-power states in two ways, by using the device
39capabilities introduced by the PCI Bus Power Management Interface Specification,
40or with the help of platform firmware, such as an ACPI BIOS. In the first
41approach, that is referred to as the native PCI power management (native PCI PM)
42in what follows, the device power state is changed as a result of writing a
43specific value into one of its standard configuration registers. The second
44approach requires the platform firmware to provide special methods that may be
45used by the kernel to change the device's power state.
46
47Devices supporting the native PCI PM usually can generate wakeup signals called
48Power Management Events (PMEs) to let the kernel know about external events
49requiring the device to be active. After receiving a PME the kernel is supposed
50to put the device that sent it into the full-power state. However, the PCI Bus
51Power Management Interface Specification doesn't define any standard method of
52delivering the PME from the device to the CPU and the operating system kernel.
53It is assumed that the platform firmware will perform this task and therefore,
54even though a PCI device is set up to generate PMEs, it also may be necessary to
55prepare the platform firmware for notifying the CPU of the PMEs coming from the
56device (e.g. by generating interrupts).
57
58In turn, if the methods provided by the platform firmware are used for changing
59the power state of a device, usually the platform also provides a method for
60preparing the device to generate wakeup signals. In that case, however, it
61often also is necessary to prepare the device for generating PMEs using the
62native PCI PM mechanism, because the method provided by the platform depends on
63that.
64
65Thus in many situations both the native and the platform-based power management
66mechanisms have to be used simultaneously to obtain the desired result.
67
681.2. Native PCI Power Management
69--------------------------------
70The PCI Bus Power Management Interface Specification (PCI PM Spec) was
71introduced between the PCI 2.1 and PCI 2.2 Specifications. It defined a
72standard interface for performing various operations related to power
73management.
74
75The implementation of the PCI PM Spec is optional for conventional PCI devices,
76but it is mandatory for PCI Express devices. If a device supports the PCI PM
77Spec, it has an 8 byte power management capability field in its PCI
78configuration space. This field is used to describe and control the standard
79features related to the native PCI power management.
80
81The PCI PM Spec defines 4 operating states for devices (D0-D3) and for buses
82(B0-B3). The higher the number, the less power is drawn by the device or bus
83in that state. However, the higher the number, the longer the latency for
84the device or bus to return to the full-power state (D0 or B0, respectively).
85
86There are two variants of the D3 state defined by the specification. The first
87one is D3hot, referred to as the software accessible D3, because devices can be
88programmed to go into it. The second one, D3cold, is the state that PCI devices
89are in when the supply voltage (Vcc) is removed from them. It is not possible
90to program a PCI device to go into D3cold, although there may be a programmable
91interface for putting the bus the device is on into a state in which Vcc is
92removed from all devices on the bus.
93
94PCI bus power management, however, is not supported by the Linux kernel at the
95time of this writing and therefore it is not covered by this document.
96
97Note that every PCI device can be in the full-power state (D0) or in D3cold,
98regardless of whether or not it implements the PCI PM Spec. In addition to
99that, if the PCI PM Spec is implemented by the device, it must support D3hot
100as well as D0. The support for the D1 and D2 power states is optional.
101
102PCI devices supporting the PCI PM Spec can be programmed to go to any of the
103supported low-power states (except for D3cold). While in D1-D3hot the
104standard configuration registers of the device must be accessible to software
105(i.e. the device is required to respond to PCI configuration accesses), although
106its I/O and memory spaces are then disabled. This allows the device to be
107programmatically put into D0. Thus the kernel can switch the device back and
108forth between D0 and the supported low-power states (except for D3cold) and the
109possible power state transitions the device can undergo are the following:
110
111+----------------------------+
112| Current State | New State |
113+----------------------------+
114| D0 | D1, D2, D3 |
115+----------------------------+
116| D1 | D2, D3 |
117+----------------------------+
118| D2 | D3 |
119+----------------------------+
120| D1, D2, D3 | D0 |
121+----------------------------+
122
123The transition from D3cold to D0 occurs when the supply voltage is provided to
124the device (i.e. power is restored). In that case the device returns to D0 with
125a full power-on reset sequence and the power-on defaults are restored to the
126device by hardware just as at initial power up.
127
128PCI devices supporting the PCI PM Spec can be programmed to generate PMEs
129while in a low-power state (D1-D3), but they are not required to be capable
130of generating PMEs from all supported low-power states. In particular, the
131capability of generating PMEs from D3cold is optional and depends on the
132presence of additional voltage (3.3Vaux) allowing the device to remain
133sufficiently active to generate a wakeup signal.
134
1351.3. ACPI Device Power Management
136---------------------------------
137The platform firmware support for the power management of PCI devices is
138system-specific. However, if the system in question is compliant with the
139Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) Specification, like the
140majority of x86-based systems, it is supposed to implement device power
141management interfaces defined by the ACPI standard.
142
143For this purpose the ACPI BIOS provides special functions called "control
144methods" that may be executed by the kernel to perform specific tasks, such as
145putting a device into a low-power state. These control methods are encoded
146using special byte-code language called the ACPI Machine Language (AML) and
147stored in the machine's BIOS. The kernel loads them from the BIOS and executes
148them as needed using an AML interpreter that translates the AML byte code into
149computations and memory or I/O space accesses. This way, in theory, a BIOS
150writer can provide the kernel with a means to perform actions depending
151on the system design in a system-specific fashion.
152
153ACPI control methods may be divided into global control methods, that are not
154associated with any particular devices, and device control methods, that have
155to be defined separately for each device supposed to be handled with the help of
156the platform. This means, in particular, that ACPI device control methods can
157only be used to handle devices that the BIOS writer knew about in advance. The
158ACPI methods used for device power management fall into that category.
159
160The ACPI specification assumes that devices can be in one of four power states
161labeled as D0, D1, D2, and D3 that roughly correspond to the native PCI PM
162D0-D3 states (although the difference between D3hot and D3cold is not taken
163into account by ACPI). Moreover, for each power state of a device there is a
164set of power resources that have to be enabled for the device to be put into
165that state. These power resources are controlled (i.e. enabled or disabled)
166with the help of their own control methods, _ON and _OFF, that have to be
167defined individually for each of them.
168
169To put a device into the ACPI power state Dx (where x is a number between 0 and
1703 inclusive) the kernel is supposed to (1) enable the power resources required
171by the device in this state using their _ON control methods and (2) execute the
172_PSx control method defined for the device. In addition to that, if the device
173is going to be put into a low-power state (D1-D3) and is supposed to generate
174wakeup signals from that state, the _DSW (or _PSW, replaced with _DSW by ACPI
1753.0) control method defined for it has to be executed before _PSx. Power
176resources that are not required by the device in the target power state and are
177not required any more by any other device should be disabled (by executing their
178_OFF control methods). If the current power state of the device is D3, it can
179only be put into D0 this way.
180
181However, quite often the power states of devices are changed during a
182system-wide transition into a sleep state or back into the working state. ACPI
183defines four system sleep states, S1, S2, S3, and S4, and denotes the system
184working state as S0. In general, the target system sleep (or working) state
185determines the highest power (lowest number) state the device can be put
186into and the kernel is supposed to obtain this information by executing the
187device's _SxD control method (where x is a number between 0 and 4 inclusive).
188If the device is required to wake up the system from the target sleep state, the
189lowest power (highest number) state it can be put into is also determined by the
190target state of the system. The kernel is then supposed to use the device's
191_SxW control method to obtain the number of that state. It also is supposed to
192use the device's _PRW control method to learn which power resources need to be
193enabled for the device to be able to generate wakeup signals.
194
1951.4. Wakeup Signaling
196---------------------
197Wakeup signals generated by PCI devices, either as native PCI PMEs, or as
198a result of the execution of the _DSW (or _PSW) ACPI control method before
199putting the device into a low-power state, have to be caught and handled as
200appropriate. If they are sent while the system is in the working state
201(ACPI S0), they should be translated into interrupts so that the kernel can
202put the devices generating them into the full-power state and take care of the
203events that triggered them. In turn, if they are sent while the system is
204sleeping, they should cause the system's core logic to trigger wakeup.
205
206On ACPI-based systems wakeup signals sent by conventional PCI devices are
207converted into ACPI General-Purpose Events (GPEs) which are hardware signals
208from the system core logic generated in response to various events that need to
209be acted upon. Every GPE is associated with one or more sources of potentially
210interesting events. In particular, a GPE may be associated with a PCI device
211capable of signaling wakeup. The information on the connections between GPEs
212and event sources is recorded in the system's ACPI BIOS from where it can be
213read by the kernel.
214
215If a PCI device known to the system's ACPI BIOS signals wakeup, the GPE
216associated with it (if there is one) is triggered. The GPEs associated with PCI
217bridges may also be triggered in response to a wakeup signal from one of the
218devices below the bridge (this also is the case for root bridges) and, for
219example, native PCI PMEs from devices unknown to the system's ACPI BIOS may be
220handled this way.
221
222A GPE may be triggered when the system is sleeping (i.e. when it is in one of
223the ACPI S1-S4 states), in which case system wakeup is started by its core logic
224(the device that was the source of the signal causing the system wakeup to occur
225may be identified later). The GPEs used in such situations are referred to as
226wakeup GPEs.
227
228Usually, however, GPEs are also triggered when the system is in the working
229state (ACPI S0) and in that case the system's core logic generates a System
230Control Interrupt (SCI) to notify the kernel of the event. Then, the SCI
231handler identifies the GPE that caused the interrupt to be generated which,
232in turn, allows the kernel to identify the source of the event (that may be
233a PCI device signaling wakeup). The GPEs used for notifying the kernel of
234events occurring while the system is in the working state are referred to as
235runtime GPEs.
236
237Unfortunately, there is no standard way of handling wakeup signals sent by
238conventional PCI devices on systems that are not ACPI-based, but there is one
239for PCI Express devices. Namely, the PCI Express Base Specification introduced
240a native mechanism for converting native PCI PMEs into interrupts generated by
241root ports. For conventional PCI devices native PMEs are out-of-band, so they
242are routed separately and they need not pass through bridges (in principle they
243may be routed directly to the system's core logic), but for PCI Express devices
244they are in-band messages that have to pass through the PCI Express hierarchy,
245including the root port on the path from the device to the Root Complex. Thus
246it was possible to introduce a mechanism by which a root port generates an
247interrupt whenever it receives a PME message from one of the devices below it.
248The PCI Express Requester ID of the device that sent the PME message is then
249recorded in one of the root port's configuration registers from where it may be
250read by the interrupt handler allowing the device to be identified. [PME
251messages sent by PCI Express endpoints integrated with the Root Complex don't
252pass through root ports, but instead they cause a Root Complex Event Collector
253(if there is one) to generate interrupts.]
254
255In principle the native PCI Express PME signaling may also be used on ACPI-based
256systems along with the GPEs, but to use it the kernel has to ask the system's
257ACPI BIOS to release control of root port configuration registers. The ACPI
258BIOS, however, is not required to allow the kernel to control these registers
259and if it doesn't do that, the kernel must not modify their contents. Of course
260the native PCI Express PME signaling cannot be used by the kernel in that case.
261
262
2632. PCI Subsystem and Device Power Management
264============================================
265
2662.1. Device Power Management Callbacks
267--------------------------------------
268The PCI Subsystem participates in the power management of PCI devices in a
269number of ways. First of all, it provides an intermediate code layer between
270the device power management core (PM core) and PCI device drivers.
271Specifically, the pm field of the PCI subsystem's struct bus_type object,
272pci_bus_type, points to a struct dev_pm_ops object, pci_dev_pm_ops, containing
273pointers to several device power management callbacks:
274
275const struct dev_pm_ops pci_dev_pm_ops = {
276 .prepare = pci_pm_prepare,
277 .complete = pci_pm_complete,
278 .suspend = pci_pm_suspend,
279 .resume = pci_pm_resume,
280 .freeze = pci_pm_freeze,
281 .thaw = pci_pm_thaw,
282 .poweroff = pci_pm_poweroff,
283 .restore = pci_pm_restore,
284 .suspend_noirq = pci_pm_suspend_noirq,
285 .resume_noirq = pci_pm_resume_noirq,
286 .freeze_noirq = pci_pm_freeze_noirq,
287 .thaw_noirq = pci_pm_thaw_noirq,
288 .poweroff_noirq = pci_pm_poweroff_noirq,
289 .restore_noirq = pci_pm_restore_noirq,
290 .runtime_suspend = pci_pm_runtime_suspend,
291 .runtime_resume = pci_pm_runtime_resume,
292 .runtime_idle = pci_pm_runtime_idle,
293};
294
295These callbacks are executed by the PM core in various situations related to
296device power management and they, in turn, execute power management callbacks
297provided by PCI device drivers. They also perform power management operations
298involving some standard configuration registers of PCI devices that device
299drivers need not know or care about.
300
301The structure representing a PCI device, struct pci_dev, contains several fields
302that these callbacks operate on:
303
304struct pci_dev {
305 ...
306 pci_power_t current_state; /* Current operating state. */
307 int pm_cap; /* PM capability offset in the
308 configuration space */
309 unsigned int pme_support:5; /* Bitmask of states from which PME#
310 can be generated */
311 unsigned int pme_interrupt:1;/* Is native PCIe PME signaling used? */
312 unsigned int d1_support:1; /* Low power state D1 is supported */
313 unsigned int d2_support:1; /* Low power state D2 is supported */
314 unsigned int no_d1d2:1; /* D1 and D2 are forbidden */
315 unsigned int wakeup_prepared:1; /* Device prepared for wake up */
316 unsigned int d3_delay; /* D3->D0 transition time in ms */
317 ...
318};
319
320They also indirectly use some fields of the struct device that is embedded in
321struct pci_dev.
322
3232.2. Device Initialization
324--------------------------
325The PCI subsystem's first task related to device power management is to
326prepare the device for power management and initialize the fields of struct
327pci_dev used for this purpose. This happens in two functions defined in
328drivers/pci/pci.c, pci_pm_init() and platform_pci_wakeup_init().
329
330The first of these functions checks if the device supports native PCI PM
331and if that's the case the offset of its power management capability structure
332in the configuration space is stored in the pm_cap field of the device's struct
333pci_dev object. Next, the function checks which PCI low-power states are
334supported by the device and from which low-power states the device can generate
335native PCI PMEs. The power management fields of the device's struct pci_dev and
336the struct device embedded in it are updated accordingly and the generation of
337PMEs by the device is disabled.
338
339The second function checks if the device can be prepared to signal wakeup with
340the help of the platform firmware, such as the ACPI BIOS. If that is the case,
341the function updates the wakeup fields in struct device embedded in the
342device's struct pci_dev and uses the firmware-provided method to prevent the
343device from signaling wakeup.
344
345At this point the device is ready for power management. For driverless devices,
346however, this functionality is limited to a few basic operations carried out
347during system-wide transitions to a sleep state and back to the working state.
348
3492.3. Runtime Device Power Management
350------------------------------------
351The PCI subsystem plays a vital role in the runtime power management of PCI
352devices. For this purpose it uses the general runtime power management
353(runtime PM) framework described in Documentation/power/runtime_pm.txt.
354Namely, it provides subsystem-level callbacks:
355
356 pci_pm_runtime_suspend()
357 pci_pm_runtime_resume()
358 pci_pm_runtime_idle()
359
360that are executed by the core runtime PM routines. It also implements the
361entire mechanics necessary for handling runtime wakeup signals from PCI devices
362in low-power states, which at the time of this writing works for both the native
363PCI Express PME signaling and the ACPI GPE-based wakeup signaling described in
364Section 1.
365
366First, a PCI device is put into a low-power state, or suspended, with the help
367of pm_schedule_suspend() or pm_runtime_suspend() which for PCI devices call
368pci_pm_runtime_suspend() to do the actual job. For this to work, the device's
369driver has to provide a pm->runtime_suspend() callback (see below), which is
370run by pci_pm_runtime_suspend() as the first action. If the driver's callback
371returns successfully, the device's standard configuration registers are saved,
372the device is prepared to generate wakeup signals and, finally, it is put into
373the target low-power state.
374
375The low-power state to put the device into is the lowest-power (highest number)
376state from which it can signal wakeup. The exact method of signaling wakeup is
377system-dependent and is determined by the PCI subsystem on the basis of the
378reported capabilities of the device and the platform firmware. To prepare the
379device for signaling wakeup and put it into the selected low-power state, the
380PCI subsystem can use the platform firmware as well as the device's native PCI
381PM capabilities, if supported.
382
383It is expected that the device driver's pm->runtime_suspend() callback will
384not attempt to prepare the device for signaling wakeup or to put it into a
385low-power state. The driver ought to leave these tasks to the PCI subsystem
386that has all of the information necessary to perform them.
387
388A suspended device is brought back into the "active" state, or resumed,
389with the help of pm_request_resume() or pm_runtime_resume() which both call
390pci_pm_runtime_resume() for PCI devices. Again, this only works if the device's
391driver provides a pm->runtime_resume() callback (see below). However, before
392the driver's callback is executed, pci_pm_runtime_resume() brings the device
393back into the full-power state, prevents it from signaling wakeup while in that
394state and restores its standard configuration registers. Thus the driver's
395callback need not worry about the PCI-specific aspects of the device resume.
396
397Note that generally pci_pm_runtime_resume() may be called in two different
398situations. First, it may be called at the request of the device's driver, for
399example if there are some data for it to process. Second, it may be called
400as a result of a wakeup signal from the device itself (this sometimes is
401referred to as "remote wakeup"). Of course, for this purpose the wakeup signal
402is handled in one of the ways described in Section 1 and finally converted into
403a notification for the PCI subsystem after the source device has been
404identified.
405
406The pci_pm_runtime_idle() function, called for PCI devices by pm_runtime_idle()
407and pm_request_idle(), executes the device driver's pm->runtime_idle()
408callback, if defined, and if that callback doesn't return error code (or is not
409present at all), suspends the device with the help of pm_runtime_suspend().
410Sometimes pci_pm_runtime_idle() is called automatically by the PM core (for
411example, it is called right after the device has just been resumed), in which
412cases it is expected to suspend the device if that makes sense. Usually,
413however, the PCI subsystem doesn't really know if the device really can be
414suspended, so it lets the device's driver decide by running its
415pm->runtime_idle() callback.
416
4172.4. System-Wide Power Transitions
418----------------------------------
419There are a few different types of system-wide power transitions, described in
420Documentation/power/devices.txt. Each of them requires devices to be handled
421in a specific way and the PM core executes subsystem-level power management
422callbacks for this purpose. They are executed in phases such that each phase
423involves executing the same subsystem-level callback for every device belonging
424to the given subsystem before the next phase begins. These phases always run
425after tasks have been frozen.
426
4272.4.1. System Suspend
428
429When the system is going into a sleep state in which the contents of memory will
430be preserved, such as one of the ACPI sleep states S1-S3, the phases are:
431
432 prepare, suspend, suspend_noirq.
433
434The following PCI bus type's callbacks, respectively, are used in these phases:
435
436 pci_pm_prepare()
437 pci_pm_suspend()
438 pci_pm_suspend_noirq()
439
440The pci_pm_prepare() routine first puts the device into the "fully functional"
441state with the help of pm_runtime_resume(). Then, it executes the device
442driver's pm->prepare() callback if defined (i.e. if the driver's struct
443dev_pm_ops object is present and the prepare pointer in that object is valid).
444
445The pci_pm_suspend() routine first checks if the device's driver implements
446legacy PCI suspend routines (see Section 3), in which case the driver's legacy
447suspend callback is executed, if present, and its result is returned. Next, if
448the device's driver doesn't provide a struct dev_pm_ops object (containing
449pointers to the driver's callbacks), pci_pm_default_suspend() is called, which
450simply turns off the device's bus master capability and runs
451pcibios_disable_device() to disable it, unless the device is a bridge (PCI
452bridges are ignored by this routine). Next, the device driver's pm->suspend()
453callback is executed, if defined, and its result is returned if it fails.
454Finally, pci_fixup_device() is called to apply hardware suspend quirks related
455to the device if necessary.
456
457Note that the suspend phase is carried out asynchronously for PCI devices, so
458the pci_pm_suspend() callback may be executed in parallel for any pair of PCI
459devices that don't depend on each other in a known way (i.e. none of the paths
460in the device tree from the root bridge to a leaf device contains both of them).
461
462The pci_pm_suspend_noirq() routine is executed after suspend_device_irqs() has
463been called, which means that the device driver's interrupt handler won't be
464invoked while this routine is running. It first checks if the device's driver
465implements legacy PCI suspends routines (Section 3), in which case the legacy
466late suspend routine is called and its result is returned (the standard
467configuration registers of the device are saved if the driver's callback hasn't
468done that). Second, if the device driver's struct dev_pm_ops object is not
469present, the device's standard configuration registers are saved and the routine
470returns success. Otherwise the device driver's pm->suspend_noirq() callback is
471executed, if present, and its result is returned if it fails. Next, if the
472device's standard configuration registers haven't been saved yet (one of the
473device driver's callbacks executed before might do that), pci_pm_suspend_noirq()
474saves them, prepares the device to signal wakeup (if necessary) and puts it into
475a low-power state.
476
477The low-power state to put the device into is the lowest-power (highest number)
478state from which it can signal wakeup while the system is in the target sleep
479state. Just like in the runtime PM case described above, the mechanism of
480signaling wakeup is system-dependent and determined by the PCI subsystem, which
481is also responsible for preparing the device to signal wakeup from the system's
482target sleep state as appropriate.
483
484PCI device drivers (that don't implement legacy power management callbacks) are
485generally not expected to prepare devices for signaling wakeup or to put them
486into low-power states. However, if one of the driver's suspend callbacks
487(pm->suspend() or pm->suspend_noirq()) saves the device's standard configuration
488registers, pci_pm_suspend_noirq() will assume that the device has been prepared
489to signal wakeup and put into a low-power state by the driver (the driver is
490then assumed to have used the helper functions provided by the PCI subsystem for
491this purpose). PCI device drivers are not encouraged to do that, but in some
492rare cases doing that in the driver may be the optimum approach.
493
4942.4.2. System Resume
495
496When the system is undergoing a transition from a sleep state in which the
497contents of memory have been preserved, such as one of the ACPI sleep states
498S1-S3, into the working state (ACPI S0), the phases are:
499
500 resume_noirq, resume, complete.
501
502The following PCI bus type's callbacks, respectively, are executed in these
503phases:
504
505 pci_pm_resume_noirq()
506 pci_pm_resume()
507 pci_pm_complete()
508
509The pci_pm_resume_noirq() routine first puts the device into the full-power
510state, restores its standard configuration registers and applies early resume
511hardware quirks related to the device, if necessary. This is done
512unconditionally, regardless of whether or not the device's driver implements
513legacy PCI power management callbacks (this way all PCI devices are in the
514full-power state and their standard configuration registers have been restored
515when their interrupt handlers are invoked for the first time during resume,
516which allows the kernel to avoid problems with the handling of shared interrupts
517by drivers whose devices are still suspended). If legacy PCI power management
518callbacks (see Section 3) are implemented by the device's driver, the legacy
519early resume callback is executed and its result is returned. Otherwise, the
520device driver's pm->resume_noirq() callback is executed, if defined, and its
521result is returned.
522
523The pci_pm_resume() routine first checks if the device's standard configuration
524registers have been restored and restores them if that's not the case (this
525only is necessary in the error path during a failing suspend). Next, resume
526hardware quirks related to the device are applied, if necessary, and if the
527device's driver implements legacy PCI power management callbacks (see
528Section 3), the driver's legacy resume callback is executed and its result is
529returned. Otherwise, the device's wakeup signaling mechanisms are blocked and
530its driver's pm->resume() callback is executed, if defined (the callback's
531result is then returned).
532
533The resume phase is carried out asynchronously for PCI devices, like the
534suspend phase described above, which means that if two PCI devices don't depend
535on each other in a known way, the pci_pm_resume() routine may be executed for
536the both of them in parallel.
537
538The pci_pm_complete() routine only executes the device driver's pm->complete()
539callback, if defined.
540
5412.4.3. System Hibernation
542
543System hibernation is more complicated than system suspend, because it requires
544a system image to be created and written into a persistent storage medium. The
545image is created atomically and all devices are quiesced, or frozen, before that
546happens.
547
548The freezing of devices is carried out after enough memory has been freed (at
549the time of this writing the image creation requires at least 50% of system RAM
550to be free) in the following three phases:
551
552 prepare, freeze, freeze_noirq
553
554that correspond to the PCI bus type's callbacks:
555
556 pci_pm_prepare()
557 pci_pm_freeze()
558 pci_pm_freeze_noirq()
559
560This means that the prepare phase is exactly the same as for system suspend.
561The other two phases, however, are different.
562
563The pci_pm_freeze() routine is quite similar to pci_pm_suspend(), but it runs
564the device driver's pm->freeze() callback, if defined, instead of pm->suspend(),
565and it doesn't apply the suspend-related hardware quirks. It is executed
566asynchronously for different PCI devices that don't depend on each other in a
567known way.
568
569The pci_pm_freeze_noirq() routine, in turn, is similar to
570pci_pm_suspend_noirq(), but it calls the device driver's pm->freeze_noirq()
571routine instead of pm->suspend_noirq(). It also doesn't attempt to prepare the
572device for signaling wakeup and put it into a low-power state. Still, it saves
573the device's standard configuration registers if they haven't been saved by one
574of the driver's callbacks.
575
576Once the image has been created, it has to be saved. However, at this point all
577devices are frozen and they cannot handle I/O, while their ability to handle
578I/O is obviously necessary for the image saving. Thus they have to be brought
579back to the fully functional state and this is done in the following phases:
580
581 thaw_noirq, thaw, complete
582
583using the following PCI bus type's callbacks:
584
585 pci_pm_thaw_noirq()
586 pci_pm_thaw()
587 pci_pm_complete()
588
589respectively.
590
591The first of them, pci_pm_thaw_noirq(), is analogous to pci_pm_resume_noirq(),
592but it doesn't put the device into the full power state and doesn't attempt to
593restore its standard configuration registers. It also executes the device
594driver's pm->thaw_noirq() callback, if defined, instead of pm->resume_noirq().
595
596The pci_pm_thaw() routine is similar to pci_pm_resume(), but it runs the device
597driver's pm->thaw() callback instead of pm->resume(). It is executed
598asynchronously for different PCI devices that don't depend on each other in a
599known way.
600
601The complete phase it the same as for system resume.
602
603After saving the image, devices need to be powered down before the system can
604enter the target sleep state (ACPI S4 for ACPI-based systems). This is done in
605three phases:
606
607 prepare, poweroff, poweroff_noirq
608
609where the prepare phase is exactly the same as for system suspend. The other
610two phases are analogous to the suspend and suspend_noirq phases, respectively.
611The PCI subsystem-level callbacks they correspond to
612
613 pci_pm_poweroff()
614 pci_pm_poweroff_noirq()
615
616work in analogy with pci_pm_suspend() and pci_pm_poweroff_noirq(), respectively,
617although they don't attempt to save the device's standard configuration
618registers.
619
6202.4.4. System Restore
621
622System restore requires a hibernation image to be loaded into memory and the
623pre-hibernation memory contents to be restored before the pre-hibernation system
624activity can be resumed.
625
626As described in Documentation/power/devices.txt, the hibernation image is loaded
627into memory by a fresh instance of the kernel, called the boot kernel, which in
628turn is loaded and run by a boot loader in the usual way. After the boot kernel
629has loaded the image, it needs to replace its own code and data with the code
630and data of the "hibernated" kernel stored within the image, called the image
631kernel. For this purpose all devices are frozen just like before creating
632the image during hibernation, in the
633
634 prepare, freeze, freeze_noirq
635
636phases described above. However, the devices affected by these phases are only
637those having drivers in the boot kernel; other devices will still be in whatever
638state the boot loader left them.
639
640Should the restoration of the pre-hibernation memory contents fail, the boot
641kernel would go through the "thawing" procedure described above, using the
642thaw_noirq, thaw, and complete phases (that will only affect the devices having
643drivers in the boot kernel), and then continue running normally.
644
645If the pre-hibernation memory contents are restored successfully, which is the
646usual situation, control is passed to the image kernel, which then becomes
647responsible for bringing the system back to the working state. To achieve this,
648it must restore the devices' pre-hibernation functionality, which is done much
649like waking up from the memory sleep state, although it involves different
650phases:
651
652 restore_noirq, restore, complete
653
654The first two of these are analogous to the resume_noirq and resume phases
655described above, respectively, and correspond to the following PCI subsystem
656callbacks:
657
658 pci_pm_restore_noirq()
659 pci_pm_restore()
660
661These callbacks work in analogy with pci_pm_resume_noirq() and pci_pm_resume(),
662respectively, but they execute the device driver's pm->restore_noirq() and
663pm->restore() callbacks, if available.
664
665The complete phase is carried out in exactly the same way as during system
666resume.
667
668
6693. PCI Device Drivers and Power Management
670==========================================
671
6723.1. Power Management Callbacks
673-------------------------------
674PCI device drivers participate in power management by providing callbacks to be
675executed by the PCI subsystem's power management routines described above and by
676controlling the runtime power management of their devices.
677
678At the time of this writing there are two ways to define power management
679callbacks for a PCI device driver, the recommended one, based on using a
680dev_pm_ops structure described in Documentation/power/devices.txt, and the
681"legacy" one, in which the .suspend(), .suspend_late(), .resume_early(), and
682.resume() callbacks from struct pci_driver are used. The legacy approach,
683however, doesn't allow one to define runtime power management callbacks and is
684not really suitable for any new drivers. Therefore it is not covered by this
685document (refer to the source code to learn more about it).
686
687It is recommended that all PCI device drivers define a struct dev_pm_ops object
688containing pointers to power management (PM) callbacks that will be executed by
689the PCI subsystem's PM routines in various circumstances. A pointer to the
690driver's struct dev_pm_ops object has to be assigned to the driver.pm field in
691its struct pci_driver object. Once that has happened, the "legacy" PM callbacks
692in struct pci_driver are ignored (even if they are not NULL).
693
694The PM callbacks in struct dev_pm_ops are not mandatory and if they are not
695defined (i.e. the respective fields of struct dev_pm_ops are unset) the PCI
696subsystem will handle the device in a simplified default manner. If they are
697defined, though, they are expected to behave as described in the following
698subsections.
699
7003.1.1. prepare()
701
702The prepare() callback is executed during system suspend, during hibernation
703(when a hibernation image is about to be created), during power-off after
704saving a hibernation image and during system restore, when a hibernation image
705has just been loaded into memory.
706
707This callback is only necessary if the driver's device has children that in
708general may be registered at any time. In that case the role of the prepare()
709callback is to prevent new children of the device from being registered until
710one of the resume_noirq(), thaw_noirq(), or restore_noirq() callbacks is run.
711
712In addition to that the prepare() callback may carry out some operations
713preparing the device to be suspended, although it should not allocate memory
714(if additional memory is required to suspend the device, it has to be
715preallocated earlier, for example in a suspend/hibernate notifier as described
716in Documentation/power/notifiers.txt).
717
7183.1.2. suspend()
719
720The suspend() callback is only executed during system suspend, after prepare()
721callbacks have been executed for all devices in the system.
722
723This callback is expected to quiesce the device and prepare it to be put into a
724low-power state by the PCI subsystem. It is not required (in fact it even is
725not recommended) that a PCI driver's suspend() callback save the standard
726configuration registers of the device, prepare it for waking up the system, or
727put it into a low-power state. All of these operations can very well be taken
728care of by the PCI subsystem, without the driver's participation.
729
730However, in some rare case it is convenient to carry out these operations in
731a PCI driver. Then, pci_save_state(), pci_prepare_to_sleep(), and
732pci_set_power_state() should be used to save the device's standard configuration
733registers, to prepare it for system wakeup (if necessary), and to put it into a
734low-power state, respectively. Moreover, if the driver calls pci_save_state(),
735the PCI subsystem will not execute either pci_prepare_to_sleep(), or
736pci_set_power_state() for its device, so the driver is then responsible for
737handling the device as appropriate.
738
739While the suspend() callback is being executed, the driver's interrupt handler
740can be invoked to handle an interrupt from the device, so all suspend-related
741operations relying on the driver's ability to handle interrupts should be
742carried out in this callback.
743
7443.1.3. suspend_noirq()
745
746The suspend_noirq() callback is only executed during system suspend, after
747suspend() callbacks have been executed for all devices in the system and
748after device interrupts have been disabled by the PM core.
749
750The difference between suspend_noirq() and suspend() is that the driver's
751interrupt handler will not be invoked while suspend_noirq() is running. Thus
752suspend_noirq() can carry out operations that would cause race conditions to
753arise if they were performed in suspend().
754
7553.1.4. freeze()
756
757The freeze() callback is hibernation-specific and is executed in two situations,
758during hibernation, after prepare() callbacks have been executed for all devices
759in preparation for the creation of a system image, and during restore,
760after a system image has been loaded into memory from persistent storage and the
761prepare() callbacks have been executed for all devices.
762
763The role of this callback is analogous to the role of the suspend() callback
764described above. In fact, they only need to be different in the rare cases when
765the driver takes the responsibility for putting the device into a low-power
766state.
767
768In that cases the freeze() callback should not prepare the device system wakeup
769or put it into a low-power state. Still, either it or freeze_noirq() should
770save the device's standard configuration registers using pci_save_state().
771
7723.1.5. freeze_noirq()
773
774The freeze_noirq() callback is hibernation-specific. It is executed during
775hibernation, after prepare() and freeze() callbacks have been executed for all
776devices in preparation for the creation of a system image, and during restore,
777after a system image has been loaded into memory and after prepare() and
778freeze() callbacks have been executed for all devices. It is always executed
779after device interrupts have been disabled by the PM core.
780
781The role of this callback is analogous to the role of the suspend_noirq()
782callback described above and it very rarely is necessary to define
783freeze_noirq().
784
785The difference between freeze_noirq() and freeze() is analogous to the
786difference between suspend_noirq() and suspend().
787
7883.1.6. poweroff()
789
790The poweroff() callback is hibernation-specific. It is executed when the system
791is about to be powered off after saving a hibernation image to a persistent
792storage. prepare() callbacks are executed for all devices before poweroff() is
793called.
794
795The role of this callback is analogous to the role of the suspend() and freeze()
796callbacks described above, although it does not need to save the contents of
797the device's registers. In particular, if the driver wants to put the device
798into a low-power state itself instead of allowing the PCI subsystem to do that,
799the poweroff() callback should use pci_prepare_to_sleep() and
800pci_set_power_state() to prepare the device for system wakeup and to put it
801into a low-power state, respectively, but it need not save the device's standard
802configuration registers.
803
8043.1.7. poweroff_noirq()
805
806The poweroff_noirq() callback is hibernation-specific. It is executed after
807poweroff() callbacks have been executed for all devices in the system.
808
809The role of this callback is analogous to the role of the suspend_noirq() and
810freeze_noirq() callbacks described above, but it does not need to save the
811contents of the device's registers.
812
813The difference between poweroff_noirq() and poweroff() is analogous to the
814difference between suspend_noirq() and suspend().
815
8163.1.8. resume_noirq()
817
818The resume_noirq() callback is only executed during system resume, after the
819PM core has enabled the non-boot CPUs. The driver's interrupt handler will not
820be invoked while resume_noirq() is running, so this callback can carry out
821operations that might race with the interrupt handler.
822
823Since the PCI subsystem unconditionally puts all devices into the full power
824state in the resume_noirq phase of system resume and restores their standard
825configuration registers, resume_noirq() is usually not necessary. In general
826it should only be used for performing operations that would lead to race
827conditions if carried out by resume().
828
8293.1.9. resume()
830
831The resume() callback is only executed during system resume, after
832resume_noirq() callbacks have been executed for all devices in the system and
833device interrupts have been enabled by the PM core.
834
835This callback is responsible for restoring the pre-suspend configuration of the
836device and bringing it back to the fully functional state. The device should be
837able to process I/O in a usual way after resume() has returned.
838
8393.1.10. thaw_noirq()
840
841The thaw_noirq() callback is hibernation-specific. It is executed after a
842system image has been created and the non-boot CPUs have been enabled by the PM
843core, in the thaw_noirq phase of hibernation. It also may be executed if the
844loading of a hibernation image fails during system restore (it is then executed
845after enabling the non-boot CPUs). The driver's interrupt handler will not be
846invoked while thaw_noirq() is running.
847
848The role of this callback is analogous to the role of resume_noirq(). The
849difference between these two callbacks is that thaw_noirq() is executed after
850freeze() and freeze_noirq(), so in general it does not need to modify the
851contents of the device's registers.
852
8533.1.11. thaw()
854
855The thaw() callback is hibernation-specific. It is executed after thaw_noirq()
856callbacks have been executed for all devices in the system and after device
857interrupts have been enabled by the PM core.
858
859This callback is responsible for restoring the pre-freeze configuration of
860the device, so that it will work in a usual way after thaw() has returned.
861
8623.1.12. restore_noirq()
863
864The restore_noirq() callback is hibernation-specific. It is executed in the
865restore_noirq phase of hibernation, when the boot kernel has passed control to
866the image kernel and the non-boot CPUs have been enabled by the image kernel's
867PM core.
868
869This callback is analogous to resume_noirq() with the exception that it cannot
870make any assumption on the previous state of the device, even if the BIOS (or
871generally the platform firmware) is known to preserve that state over a
872suspend-resume cycle.
873
874For the vast majority of PCI device drivers there is no difference between
875resume_noirq() and restore_noirq().
876
8773.1.13. restore()
878
879The restore() callback is hibernation-specific. It is executed after
880restore_noirq() callbacks have been executed for all devices in the system and
881after the PM core has enabled device drivers' interrupt handlers to be invoked.
882
883This callback is analogous to resume(), just like restore_noirq() is analogous
884to resume_noirq(). Consequently, the difference between restore_noirq() and
885restore() is analogous to the difference between resume_noirq() and resume().
886
887For the vast majority of PCI device drivers there is no difference between
888resume() and restore().
889
8903.1.14. complete()
891
892The complete() callback is executed in the following situations:
893 - during system resume, after resume() callbacks have been executed for all
894 devices,
895 - during hibernation, before saving the system image, after thaw() callbacks
896 have been executed for all devices,
897 - during system restore, when the system is going back to its pre-hibernation
898 state, after restore() callbacks have been executed for all devices.
899It also may be executed if the loading of a hibernation image into memory fails
900(in that case it is run after thaw() callbacks have been executed for all
901devices that have drivers in the boot kernel).
902
903This callback is entirely optional, although it may be necessary if the
904prepare() callback performs operations that need to be reversed.
905
9063.1.15. runtime_suspend()
907
908The runtime_suspend() callback is specific to device runtime power management
909(runtime PM). It is executed by the PM core's runtime PM framework when the
910device is about to be suspended (i.e. quiesced and put into a low-power state)
911at run time.
912
913This callback is responsible for freezing the device and preparing it to be
914put into a low-power state, but it must allow the PCI subsystem to perform all
915of the PCI-specific actions necessary for suspending the device.
916
9173.1.16. runtime_resume()
918
919The runtime_resume() callback is specific to device runtime PM. It is executed
920by the PM core's runtime PM framework when the device is about to be resumed
921(i.e. put into the full-power state and programmed to process I/O normally) at
922run time.
923
924This callback is responsible for restoring the normal functionality of the
925device after it has been put into the full-power state by the PCI subsystem.
926The device is expected to be able to process I/O in the usual way after
927runtime_resume() has returned.
928
9293.1.17. runtime_idle()
930
931The runtime_idle() callback is specific to device runtime PM. It is executed
932by the PM core's runtime PM framework whenever it may be desirable to suspend
933the device according to the PM core's information. In particular, it is
934automatically executed right after runtime_resume() has returned in case the
935resume of the device has happened as a result of a spurious event.
936
937This callback is optional, but if it is not implemented or if it returns 0, the
938PCI subsystem will call pm_runtime_suspend() for the device, which in turn will
939cause the driver's runtime_suspend() callback to be executed.
940
9413.1.18. Pointing Multiple Callback Pointers to One Routine
942
943Although in principle each of the callbacks described in the previous
944subsections can be defined as a separate function, it often is convenient to
945point two or more members of struct dev_pm_ops to the same routine. There are
946a few convenience macros that can be used for this purpose.
947
948The SIMPLE_DEV_PM_OPS macro declares a struct dev_pm_ops object with one
949suspend routine pointed to by the .suspend(), .freeze(), and .poweroff()
950members and one resume routine pointed to by the .resume(), .thaw(), and
951.restore() members. The other function pointers in this struct dev_pm_ops are
952unset.
953
954The UNIVERSAL_DEV_PM_OPS macro is similar to SIMPLE_DEV_PM_OPS, but it
955additionally sets the .runtime_resume() pointer to the same value as
956.resume() (and .thaw(), and .restore()) and the .runtime_suspend() pointer to
957the same value as .suspend() (and .freeze() and .poweroff()).
958
959The SET_SYSTEM_SLEEP_PM_OPS can be used inside of a declaration of struct
960dev_pm_ops to indicate that one suspend routine is to be pointed to by the
961.suspend(), .freeze(), and .poweroff() members and one resume routine is to
962be pointed to by the .resume(), .thaw(), and .restore() members.
963
9643.2. Device Runtime Power Management
965------------------------------------
966In addition to providing device power management callbacks PCI device drivers
967are responsible for controlling the runtime power management (runtime PM) of
968their devices.
969
970The PCI device runtime PM is optional, but it is recommended that PCI device
971drivers implement it at least in the cases where there is a reliable way of
972verifying that the device is not used (like when the network cable is detached
973from an Ethernet adapter or there are no devices attached to a USB controller).
974
975To support the PCI runtime PM the driver first needs to implement the
976runtime_suspend() and runtime_resume() callbacks. It also may need to implement
977the runtime_idle() callback to prevent the device from being suspended again
978every time right after the runtime_resume() callback has returned
979(alternatively, the runtime_suspend() callback will have to check if the
980device should really be suspended and return -EAGAIN if that is not the case).
981
982The runtime PM of PCI devices is enabled by default by the PCI core. PCI
983device drivers do not need to enable it and should not attempt to do so.
984However, it is blocked by pci_pm_init() that runs the pm_runtime_forbid()
985helper function. In addition to that, the runtime PM usage counter of
986each PCI device is incremented by local_pci_probe() before executing the
987probe callback provided by the device's driver.
988
989If a PCI driver implements the runtime PM callbacks and intends to use the
990runtime PM framework provided by the PM core and the PCI subsystem, it needs
991to decrement the device's runtime PM usage counter in its probe callback
992function. If it doesn't do that, the counter will always be different from
993zero for the device and it will never be runtime-suspended. The simplest
994way to do that is by calling pm_runtime_put_noidle(), but if the driver
995wants to schedule an autosuspend right away, for example, it may call
996pm_runtime_put_autosuspend() instead for this purpose. Generally, it
997just needs to call a function that decrements the devices usage counter
998from its probe routine to make runtime PM work for the device.
999
1000It is important to remember that the driver's runtime_suspend() callback
1001may be executed right after the usage counter has been decremented, because
1002user space may already have caused the pm_runtime_allow() helper function
1003unblocking the runtime PM of the device to run via sysfs, so the driver must
1004be prepared to cope with that.
1005
1006The driver itself should not call pm_runtime_allow(), though. Instead, it
1007should let user space or some platform-specific code do that (user space can
1008do it via sysfs as stated above), but it must be prepared to handle the
1009runtime PM of the device correctly as soon as pm_runtime_allow() is called
1010(which may happen at any time, even before the driver is loaded).
1011
1012When the driver's remove callback runs, it has to balance the decrementation
1013of the device's runtime PM usage counter at the probe time. For this reason,
1014if it has decremented the counter in its probe callback, it must run
1015pm_runtime_get_noresume() in its remove callback. [Since the core carries
1016out a runtime resume of the device and bumps up the device's usage counter
1017before running the driver's remove callback, the runtime PM of the device
1018is effectively disabled for the duration of the remove execution and all
1019runtime PM helper functions incrementing the device's usage counter are
1020then effectively equivalent to pm_runtime_get_noresume().]
1021
1022The runtime PM framework works by processing requests to suspend or resume
1023devices, or to check if they are idle (in which cases it is reasonable to
1024subsequently request that they be suspended). These requests are represented
1025by work items put into the power management workqueue, pm_wq. Although there
1026are a few situations in which power management requests are automatically
1027queued by the PM core (for example, after processing a request to resume a
1028device the PM core automatically queues a request to check if the device is
1029idle), device drivers are generally responsible for queuing power management
1030requests for their devices. For this purpose they should use the runtime PM
1031helper functions provided by the PM core, discussed in
1032Documentation/power/runtime_pm.txt.
1033
1034Devices can also be suspended and resumed synchronously, without placing a
1035request into pm_wq. In the majority of cases this also is done by their
1036drivers that use helper functions provided by the PM core for this purpose.
1037
1038For more information on the runtime PM of devices refer to
1039Documentation/power/runtime_pm.txt.
1040
1041
10424. Resources
1043============
1044
1045PCI Local Bus Specification, Rev. 3.0
1046PCI Bus Power Management Interface Specification, Rev. 1.2
1047Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) Specification, Rev. 3.0b
1048PCI Express Base Specification, Rev. 2.0
1049Documentation/power/devices.txt
1050Documentation/power/runtime_pm.txt