Linux Audio

Check our new training course

Linux kernel drivers training

Mar 31-Apr 9, 2025, special US time zones
Register
Loading...
v5.4
  1perf-c2c(1)
  2===========
  3
  4NAME
  5----
  6perf-c2c - Shared Data C2C/HITM Analyzer.
  7
  8SYNOPSIS
  9--------
 10[verse]
 11'perf c2c record' [<options>] <command>
 12'perf c2c record' [<options>] -- [<record command options>] <command>
 13'perf c2c report' [<options>]
 14
 15DESCRIPTION
 16-----------
 17C2C stands for Cache To Cache.
 18
 19The perf c2c tool provides means for Shared Data C2C/HITM analysis. It allows
 20you to track down the cacheline contentions.
 21
 22On x86, the tool is based on load latency and precise store facility events
 23provided by Intel CPUs. On PowerPC, the tool uses random instruction sampling
 24with thresholding feature.
 
 
 
 
 
 25
 26These events provide:
 27  - memory address of the access
 28  - type of the access (load and store details)
 29  - latency (in cycles) of the load access
 30
 31The c2c tool provide means to record this data and report back access details
 32for cachelines with highest contention - highest number of HITM accesses.
 33
 34The basic workflow with this tool follows the standard record/report phase.
 35User uses the record command to record events data and report command to
 36display it.
 37
 38
 39RECORD OPTIONS
 40--------------
 41-e::
 42--event=::
 43	Select the PMU event. Use 'perf mem record -e list'
 44	to list available events.
 45
 46-v::
 47--verbose::
 48	Be more verbose (show counter open errors, etc).
 49
 50-l::
 51--ldlat::
 52	Configure mem-loads latency. (x86 only)
 
 53
 54-k::
 55--all-kernel::
 56	Configure all used events to run in kernel space.
 57
 58-u::
 59--all-user::
 60	Configure all used events to run in user space.
 61
 62REPORT OPTIONS
 63--------------
 64-k::
 65--vmlinux=<file>::
 66	vmlinux pathname
 67
 68-v::
 69--verbose::
 70	Be more verbose (show counter open errors, etc).
 71
 72-i::
 73--input::
 74	Specify the input file to process.
 75
 76-N::
 77--node-info::
 78	Show extra node info in report (see NODE INFO section)
 79
 80-c::
 81--coalesce::
 82	Specify sorting fields for single cacheline display.
 83	Following fields are available: tid,pid,iaddr,dso
 84	(see COALESCE)
 85
 86-g::
 87--call-graph::
 88	Setup callchains parameters.
 89	Please refer to perf-report man page for details.
 90
 91--stdio::
 92	Force the stdio output (see STDIO OUTPUT)
 93
 94--stats::
 95	Display only statistic tables and force stdio mode.
 96
 97--full-symbols::
 98	Display full length of symbols.
 99
100--no-source::
101	Do not display Source:Line column.
102
103--show-all::
104	Show all captured HITM lines, with no regard to HITM % 0.0005 limit.
105
106-f::
107--force::
108	Don't do ownership validation.
109
110-d::
111--display::
112	Switch to HITM type (rmt, lcl) to display and sort on. Total HITMs as default.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
113
114C2C RECORD
115----------
116The perf c2c record command setup options related to HITM cacheline analysis
117and calls standard perf record command.
118
119Following perf record options are configured by default:
120(check perf record man page for details)
121
122  -W,-d,--phys-data,--sample-cpu
123
124Unless specified otherwise with '-e' option, following events are monitored by
125default on x86:
126
127  cpu/mem-loads,ldlat=30/P
128  cpu/mem-stores/P
129
 
 
 
 
130and following on PowerPC:
131
132  cpu/mem-loads/
133  cpu/mem-stores/
134
135User can pass any 'perf record' option behind '--' mark, like (to enable
136callchains and system wide monitoring):
137
138  $ perf c2c record -- -g -a
139
140Please check RECORD OPTIONS section for specific c2c record options.
141
142C2C REPORT
143----------
144The perf c2c report command displays shared data analysis.  It comes in two
145display modes: stdio and tui (default).
146
147The report command workflow is following:
148  - sort all the data based on the cacheline address
149  - store access details for each cacheline
150  - sort all cachelines based on user settings
151  - display data
152
153In general perf report output consist of 2 basic views:
154  1) most expensive cachelines list
155  2) offsets details for each cacheline
156
157For each cacheline in the 1) list we display following data:
158(Both stdio and TUI modes follow the same fields output)
159
160  Index
161  - zero based index to identify the cacheline
162
163  Cacheline
164  - cacheline address (hex number)
165
166  Total records
167  - sum of all cachelines accesses
168
169  Rmt/Lcl Hitm
170  - cacheline percentage of all Remote/Local HITM accesses
171
172  LLC Load Hitm - Total, Lcl, Rmt
 
 
 
173  - count of Total/Local/Remote load HITMs
174
175  Store Reference - Total, L1Hit, L1Miss
176    Total - all store accesses
177    L1Hit - store accesses that hit L1
178    L1Hit - store accesses that missed L1
179
180  Load Dram
181  - count of local and remote DRAM accesses
182
183  LLC Ld Miss
184  - count of all accesses that missed LLC
185
186  Total Loads
187  - sum of all load accesses
188
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
189  Core Load Hit - FB, L1, L2
190  - count of load hits in FB (Fill Buffer), L1 and L2 cache
191
192  LLC Load Hit - Llc, Rmt
193  - count of LLC and Remote load hits
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
194
195For each offset in the 2) list we display following data:
196
197  HITM - Rmt, Lcl
198  - % of Remote/Local HITM accesses for given offset within cacheline
199
200  Store Refs - L1 Hit, L1 Miss
201  - % of store accesses that hit/missed L1 for given offset within cacheline
 
 
 
 
202
203  Data address - Offset
204  - offset address
205
206  Pid
207  - pid of the process responsible for the accesses
208
209  Tid
210  - tid of the process responsible for the accesses
211
212  Code address
213  - code address responsible for the accesses
214
215  cycles - rmt hitm, lcl hitm, load
216    - sum of cycles for given accesses - Remote/Local HITM and generic load
217
 
 
 
218  cpu cnt
219    - number of cpus that participated on the access
220
221  Symbol
222    - code symbol related to the 'Code address' value
223
224  Shared Object
225    - shared object name related to the 'Code address' value
226
227  Source:Line
228    - source information related to the 'Code address' value
229
230  Node
231    - nodes participating on the access (see NODE INFO section)
232
233NODE INFO
234---------
235The 'Node' field displays nodes that accesses given cacheline
236offset. Its output comes in 3 flavors:
237  - node IDs separated by ','
238  - node IDs with stats for each ID, in following format:
239      Node{cpus %hitms %stores}
 
240  - node IDs with list of affected CPUs in following format:
241      Node{cpu list}
242
243User can switch between above flavors with -N option or
244use 'n' key to interactively switch in TUI mode.
245
246COALESCE
247--------
248User can specify how to sort offsets for cacheline.
249
250Following fields are available and governs the final
251output fields set for caheline offsets output:
252
253  tid   - coalesced by process TIDs
254  pid   - coalesced by process PIDs
255  iaddr - coalesced by code address, following fields are displayed:
256             Code address, Code symbol, Shared Object, Source line
257  dso   - coalesced by shared object
258
259By default the coalescing is setup with 'pid,iaddr'.
260
261STDIO OUTPUT
262------------
263The stdio output displays data on standard output.
264
265Following tables are displayed:
266  Trace Event Information
267  - overall statistics of memory accesses
268
269  Global Shared Cache Line Event Information
270  - overall statistics on shared cachelines
271
272  Shared Data Cache Line Table
273  - list of most expensive cachelines
274
275  Shared Cache Line Distribution Pareto
276  - list of all accessed offsets for each cacheline
277
278TUI OUTPUT
279----------
280The TUI output provides interactive interface to navigate
281through cachelines list and to display offset details.
282
283For details please refer to the help window by pressing '?' key.
284
285CREDITS
286-------
287Although Don Zickus, Dick Fowles and Joe Mario worked together
288to get this implemented, we got lots of early help from Arnaldo
289Carvalho de Melo, Stephane Eranian, Jiri Olsa and Andi Kleen.
290
291C2C BLOG
292--------
293Check Joe's blog on c2c tool for detailed use case explanation:
294  https://joemario.github.io/blog/2016/09/01/c2c-blog/
295
296SEE ALSO
297--------
298linkperf:perf-record[1], linkperf:perf-mem[1]
v6.8
  1perf-c2c(1)
  2===========
  3
  4NAME
  5----
  6perf-c2c - Shared Data C2C/HITM Analyzer.
  7
  8SYNOPSIS
  9--------
 10[verse]
 11'perf c2c record' [<options>] <command>
 12'perf c2c record' [<options>] \-- [<record command options>] <command>
 13'perf c2c report' [<options>]
 14
 15DESCRIPTION
 16-----------
 17C2C stands for Cache To Cache.
 18
 19The perf c2c tool provides means for Shared Data C2C/HITM analysis. It allows
 20you to track down the cacheline contentions.
 21
 22On Intel, the tool is based on load latency and precise store facility events
 23provided by Intel CPUs. On PowerPC, the tool uses random instruction sampling
 24with thresholding feature. On AMD, the tool uses IBS op pmu (due to hardware
 25limitations, perf c2c is not supported on Zen3 cpus). On Arm64 it uses SPE to
 26sample load and store operations, therefore hardware and kernel support is
 27required. See linkperf:perf-arm-spe[1] for a setup guide. Due to the
 28statistical nature of Arm SPE sampling, not every memory operation will be
 29sampled.
 30
 31These events provide:
 32  - memory address of the access
 33  - type of the access (load and store details)
 34  - latency (in cycles) of the load access
 35
 36The c2c tool provide means to record this data and report back access details
 37for cachelines with highest contention - highest number of HITM accesses.
 38
 39The basic workflow with this tool follows the standard record/report phase.
 40User uses the record command to record events data and report command to
 41display it.
 42
 43
 44RECORD OPTIONS
 45--------------
 46-e::
 47--event=::
 48	Select the PMU event. Use 'perf c2c record -e list'
 49	to list available events.
 50
 51-v::
 52--verbose::
 53	Be more verbose (show counter open errors, etc).
 54
 55-l::
 56--ldlat::
 57	Configure mem-loads latency. Supported on Intel and Arm64 processors
 58	only. Ignored on other archs.
 59
 60-k::
 61--all-kernel::
 62	Configure all used events to run in kernel space.
 63
 64-u::
 65--all-user::
 66	Configure all used events to run in user space.
 67
 68REPORT OPTIONS
 69--------------
 70-k::
 71--vmlinux=<file>::
 72	vmlinux pathname
 73
 74-v::
 75--verbose::
 76	Be more verbose (show counter open errors, etc).
 77
 78-i::
 79--input::
 80	Specify the input file to process.
 81
 82-N::
 83--node-info::
 84	Show extra node info in report (see NODE INFO section)
 85
 86-c::
 87--coalesce::
 88	Specify sorting fields for single cacheline display.
 89	Following fields are available: tid,pid,iaddr,dso
 90	(see COALESCE)
 91
 92-g::
 93--call-graph::
 94	Setup callchains parameters.
 95	Please refer to perf-report man page for details.
 96
 97--stdio::
 98	Force the stdio output (see STDIO OUTPUT)
 99
100--stats::
101	Display only statistic tables and force stdio mode.
102
103--full-symbols::
104	Display full length of symbols.
105
106--no-source::
107	Do not display Source:Line column.
108
109--show-all::
110	Show all captured HITM lines, with no regard to HITM % 0.0005 limit.
111
112-f::
113--force::
114	Don't do ownership validation.
115
116-d::
117--display::
118	Switch to HITM type (rmt, lcl) or peer snooping type (peer) to display
119	and sort on. Total HITMs (tot) as default, except Arm64 uses peer mode
120	as default.
121
122--stitch-lbr::
123	Show callgraph with stitched LBRs, which may have more complete
124	callgraph. The perf.data file must have been obtained using
125	perf c2c record --call-graph lbr.
126	Disabled by default. In common cases with call stack overflows,
127	it can recreate better call stacks than the default lbr call stack
128	output. But this approach is not foolproof. There can be cases
129	where it creates incorrect call stacks from incorrect matches.
130	The known limitations include exception handing such as
131	setjmp/longjmp will have calls/returns not match.
132
133--double-cl::
134	Group the detection of shared cacheline events into double cacheline
135	granularity. Some architectures have an Adjacent Cacheline Prefetch
136	feature, which causes cacheline sharing to behave like the cacheline
137	size is doubled.
138
139C2C RECORD
140----------
141The perf c2c record command setup options related to HITM cacheline analysis
142and calls standard perf record command.
143
144Following perf record options are configured by default:
145(check perf record man page for details)
146
147  -W,-d,--phys-data,--sample-cpu
148
149Unless specified otherwise with '-e' option, following events are monitored by
150default on Intel:
151
152  cpu/mem-loads,ldlat=30/P
153  cpu/mem-stores/P
154
155following on AMD:
156
157  ibs_op//
158
159and following on PowerPC:
160
161  cpu/mem-loads/
162  cpu/mem-stores/
163
164User can pass any 'perf record' option behind '--' mark, like (to enable
165callchains and system wide monitoring):
166
167  $ perf c2c record -- -g -a
168
169Please check RECORD OPTIONS section for specific c2c record options.
170
171C2C REPORT
172----------
173The perf c2c report command displays shared data analysis.  It comes in two
174display modes: stdio and tui (default).
175
176The report command workflow is following:
177  - sort all the data based on the cacheline address
178  - store access details for each cacheline
179  - sort all cachelines based on user settings
180  - display data
181
182In general perf report output consist of 2 basic views:
183  1) most expensive cachelines list
184  2) offsets details for each cacheline
185
186For each cacheline in the 1) list we display following data:
187(Both stdio and TUI modes follow the same fields output)
188
189  Index
190  - zero based index to identify the cacheline
191
192  Cacheline
193  - cacheline address (hex number)
194
195  Rmt/Lcl Hitm (Display with HITM types)
 
 
 
196  - cacheline percentage of all Remote/Local HITM accesses
197
198  Peer Snoop (Display with peer type)
199  - cacheline percentage of all peer accesses
200
201  LLC Load Hitm - Total, LclHitm, RmtHitm (For display with HITM types)
202  - count of Total/Local/Remote load HITMs
203
204  Load Peer - Total, Local, Remote (For display with peer type)
205  - count of Total/Local/Remote load from peer cache or DRAM
 
 
206
207  Total records
208  - sum of all cachelines accesses
 
 
 
209
210  Total loads
211  - sum of all load accesses
212
213  Total stores
214  - sum of all store accesses
215
216  Store Reference - L1Hit, L1Miss, N/A
217    L1Hit - store accesses that hit L1
218    L1Miss - store accesses that missed L1
219    N/A - store accesses with memory level is not available
220
221  Core Load Hit - FB, L1, L2
222  - count of load hits in FB (Fill Buffer), L1 and L2 cache
223
224  LLC Load Hit - LlcHit, LclHitm
225  - count of LLC load accesses, includes LLC hits and LLC HITMs
226
227  RMT Load Hit - RmtHit, RmtHitm
228  - count of remote load accesses, includes remote hits and remote HITMs;
229    on Arm neoverse cores, RmtHit is used to account remote accesses,
230    includes remote DRAM or any upward cache level in remote node
231
232  Load Dram - Lcl, Rmt
233  - count of local and remote DRAM accesses
234
235For each offset in the 2) list we display following data:
236
237  HITM - Rmt, Lcl (Display with HITM types)
238  - % of Remote/Local HITM accesses for given offset within cacheline
239
240  Peer Snoop - Rmt, Lcl (Display with peer type)
241  - % of Remote/Local peer accesses for given offset within cacheline
242
243  Store Refs - L1 Hit, L1 Miss, N/A
244  - % of store accesses that hit L1, missed L1 and N/A (no available) memory
245    level for given offset within cacheline
246
247  Data address - Offset
248  - offset address
249
250  Pid
251  - pid of the process responsible for the accesses
252
253  Tid
254  - tid of the process responsible for the accesses
255
256  Code address
257  - code address responsible for the accesses
258
259  cycles - rmt hitm, lcl hitm, load (Display with HITM types)
260    - sum of cycles for given accesses - Remote/Local HITM and generic load
261
262  cycles - rmt peer, lcl peer, load (Display with peer type)
263    - sum of cycles for given accesses - Remote/Local peer load and generic load
264
265  cpu cnt
266    - number of cpus that participated on the access
267
268  Symbol
269    - code symbol related to the 'Code address' value
270
271  Shared Object
272    - shared object name related to the 'Code address' value
273
274  Source:Line
275    - source information related to the 'Code address' value
276
277  Node
278    - nodes participating on the access (see NODE INFO section)
279
280NODE INFO
281---------
282The 'Node' field displays nodes that accesses given cacheline
283offset. Its output comes in 3 flavors:
284  - node IDs separated by ','
285  - node IDs with stats for each ID, in following format:
286      Node{cpus %hitms %stores} (Display with HITM types)
287      Node{cpus %peers %stores} (Display with peer type)
288  - node IDs with list of affected CPUs in following format:
289      Node{cpu list}
290
291User can switch between above flavors with -N option or
292use 'n' key to interactively switch in TUI mode.
293
294COALESCE
295--------
296User can specify how to sort offsets for cacheline.
297
298Following fields are available and governs the final
299output fields set for cacheline offsets output:
300
301  tid   - coalesced by process TIDs
302  pid   - coalesced by process PIDs
303  iaddr - coalesced by code address, following fields are displayed:
304             Code address, Code symbol, Shared Object, Source line
305  dso   - coalesced by shared object
306
307By default the coalescing is setup with 'pid,iaddr'.
308
309STDIO OUTPUT
310------------
311The stdio output displays data on standard output.
312
313Following tables are displayed:
314  Trace Event Information
315  - overall statistics of memory accesses
316
317  Global Shared Cache Line Event Information
318  - overall statistics on shared cachelines
319
320  Shared Data Cache Line Table
321  - list of most expensive cachelines
322
323  Shared Cache Line Distribution Pareto
324  - list of all accessed offsets for each cacheline
325
326TUI OUTPUT
327----------
328The TUI output provides interactive interface to navigate
329through cachelines list and to display offset details.
330
331For details please refer to the help window by pressing '?' key.
332
333CREDITS
334-------
335Although Don Zickus, Dick Fowles and Joe Mario worked together
336to get this implemented, we got lots of early help from Arnaldo
337Carvalho de Melo, Stephane Eranian, Jiri Olsa and Andi Kleen.
338
339C2C BLOG
340--------
341Check Joe's blog on c2c tool for detailed use case explanation:
342  https://joemario.github.io/blog/2016/09/01/c2c-blog/
343
344SEE ALSO
345--------
346linkperf:perf-record[1], linkperf:perf-mem[1], linkperf:perf-arm-spe[1]