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1.. _changes:
2
3Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
4++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
5
6Intro
7=====
8
9This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
10software necessary to run the 4.x kernels.
11
12This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
13and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
14Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
15'net).
16
17Current Minimal Requirements
18****************************
19
20Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
21encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
22running, the suggested command should tell you.
23
24Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
25running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
26systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example,
27you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.
28
29====================== =============== ========================================
30 Program Minimal version Command to check the version
31====================== =============== ========================================
32GNU C 4.6 gcc --version
33GNU make 3.81 make --version
34binutils 2.21 ld -v
35flex 2.5.35 flex --version
36bison 2.0 bison --version
37util-linux 2.10o fdformat --version
38kmod 13 depmod -V
39e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
40jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
41reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
42xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
43squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
44btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
45pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
46quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
47PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
48nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
49procps 3.2.0 ps --version
50oprofile 0.9 oprofiled --version
51udev 081 udevd --version
52grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
53mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
54iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
55openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
56bc 1.06.95 bc --version
57Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 1.3 sphinx-build --version
58====================== =============== ========================================
59
60.. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation
61
62Kernel compilation
63******************
64
65GCC
66---
67
68The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
69computer.
70
71Make
72----
73
74You will need GNU make 3.81 or later to build the kernel.
75
76Binutils
77--------
78
79Binutils 2.21 or newer is needed to build the kernel.
80
81pkg-config
82----------
83
84The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed
85kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in
86'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not
87verified or documented.
88
89Flex
90----
91
92Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
93during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.
94
95
96Bison
97-----
98
99Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
100during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.
101
102Perl
103----
104
105You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
106``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
107
108BC
109--
110
111You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
112
113
114OpenSSL
115-------
116
117Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
118crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
119
120You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
121enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
122and higher.
123
124
125System utilities
126****************
127
128Architectural changes
129---------------------
130
131DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
132(http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
133
13432-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
135
136Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
137documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
138definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
139files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
140then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
141In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
142Sphinx.
143
144Util-linux
145----------
146
147New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
148support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
149types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
150You'll probably want to upgrade.
151
152Ksymoops
153--------
154
155If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
156ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
157It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
158that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
159produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
160is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
161reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
162with ksymoops.
163
164Mkinitrd
165--------
166
167These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
168mkinitrd be upgraded.
169
170E2fsprogs
171---------
172
173The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
174debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
175
176JFSutils
177--------
178
179The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
180The following utilities are available:
181
182- ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
183 and repair a JFS formatted partition.
184
185- ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
186
187- other file system utilities are also available in this package.
188
189Reiserfsprogs
190-------------
191
192The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
193(Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
194versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
195``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
196
197Xfsprogs
198--------
199
200The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
201``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
202architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
203work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
204later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
205
206PCMCIAutils
207-----------
208
209PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
210PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
211for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
212subsystem is used.
213
214Quota-tools
215-----------
216
217Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
218the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
219newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
220from the table above.
221
222Intel IA32 microcode
223--------------------
224
225A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
226accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
227udev you may need to::
228
229 mkdir /dev/cpu
230 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
231 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
232
233as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
234get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
235
236udev
237----
238
239``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
240only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
241functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
242devices.
243
244FUSE
245----
246
247Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
248options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
249
250Networking
251**********
252
253General changes
254---------------
255
256If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
257consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
258
259Packet Filter / NAT
260-------------------
261The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
262kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
263for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
264
265PPP
266---
267
268The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
269enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
270upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
271
272If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
273which can be made by::
274
275 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
276
277as root.
278
279NFS-utils
280---------
281
282In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
283about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
284information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
285mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
286would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
287
288This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
289which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
290fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
291getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
292
293With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
294when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
295appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
296dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
297currently active clients.
298
299To enable this new functionality, you need to::
300
301 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
302
303before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
304services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
305that is possible.
306
307mcelog
308------
309
310On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
311events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
312reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
313
314Kernel documentation
315********************
316
317Sphinx
318------
319
320Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
321for details about Sphinx requirements.
322
323Getting updated software
324========================
325
326Kernel compilation
327******************
328
329gcc
330---
331
332- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
333
334Make
335----
336
337- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
338
339Binutils
340--------
341
342- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
343
344Flex
345----
346
347- <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>
348
349Bison
350-----
351
352- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>
353
354OpenSSL
355-------
356
357- <https://www.openssl.org/>
358
359System utilities
360****************
361
362Util-linux
363----------
364
365- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
366
367Kmod
368----
369
370- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/>
371- <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git>
372
373Ksymoops
374--------
375
376- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
377
378Mkinitrd
379--------
380
381- <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
382
383E2fsprogs
384---------
385
386- <http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/e2fsprogs/e2fsprogs-1.29.tar.gz>
387
388JFSutils
389--------
390
391- <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
392
393Reiserfsprogs
394-------------
395
396- <http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/reiserfs/>
397
398Xfsprogs
399--------
400
401- <ftp://oss.sgi.com/projects/xfs/>
402
403Pcmciautils
404-----------
405
406- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
407
408Quota-tools
409-----------
410
411- <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
412
413
414Intel P6 microcode
415------------------
416
417- <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
418
419udev
420----
421
422- <http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
423
424FUSE
425----
426
427- <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases>
428
429mcelog
430------
431
432- <http://www.mcelog.org/>
433
434Networking
435**********
436
437PPP
438---
439
440- <ftp://ftp.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
441
442NFS-utils
443---------
444
445- <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
446
447Iptables
448--------
449
450- <http://www.iptables.org/downloads.html>
451
452Ip-route2
453---------
454
455- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
456
457OProfile
458--------
459
460- <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
461
462NFS-Utils
463---------
464
465- <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
466
467Kernel documentation
468********************
469
470Sphinx
471------
472
473- <http://www.sphinx-doc.org/>
1.. _changes:
2
3Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
4++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
5
6Intro
7=====
8
9This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
10software necessary to run the 4.x kernels.
11
12This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
13and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
14Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
15'net).
16
17Current Minimal Requirements
18****************************
19
20Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
21encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
22running, the suggested command should tell you.
23
24Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
25running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
26systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example,
27you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.
28
29====================== =============== ========================================
30 Program Minimal version Command to check the version
31====================== =============== ========================================
32GNU C 4.9 gcc --version
33Clang/LLVM (optional) 10.0.1 clang --version
34GNU make 3.81 make --version
35binutils 2.23 ld -v
36flex 2.5.35 flex --version
37bison 2.0 bison --version
38util-linux 2.10o fdformat --version
39kmod 13 depmod -V
40e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
41jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
42reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
43xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
44squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
45btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
46pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
47quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
48PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
49nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
50procps 3.2.0 ps --version
51udev 081 udevd --version
52grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
53mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
54iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
55openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
56bc 1.06.95 bc --version
57Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 1.3 sphinx-build --version
58====================== =============== ========================================
59
60.. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation
61
62Kernel compilation
63******************
64
65GCC
66---
67
68The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
69computer.
70
71Clang/LLVM (optional)
72---------------------
73
74The latest formal release of clang and LLVM utils (according to
75`releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org>`_) are supported for building
76kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to work, and we may drop workarounds
77from the kernel that were used to support older versions. Please see additional
78docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM <kbuild_llvm>`.
79
80Make
81----
82
83You will need GNU make 3.81 or later to build the kernel.
84
85Binutils
86--------
87
88Binutils 2.23 or newer is needed to build the kernel.
89
90pkg-config
91----------
92
93The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed
94kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in
95'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not
96verified or documented.
97
98Flex
99----
100
101Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
102during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.
103
104
105Bison
106-----
107
108Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
109during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.
110
111Perl
112----
113
114You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
115``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
116
117BC
118--
119
120You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
121
122
123OpenSSL
124-------
125
126Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
127crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
128
129You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
130enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
131and higher.
132
133
134System utilities
135****************
136
137Architectural changes
138---------------------
139
140DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
141(https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
142
14332-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
144
145Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
146documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
147definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
148files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
149then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
150In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
151Sphinx.
152
153Util-linux
154----------
155
156New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
157support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
158types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
159You'll probably want to upgrade.
160
161Ksymoops
162--------
163
164If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
165ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
166It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
167that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
168produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
169is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
170reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
171with ksymoops.
172
173Mkinitrd
174--------
175
176These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
177mkinitrd be upgraded.
178
179E2fsprogs
180---------
181
182The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
183debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
184
185JFSutils
186--------
187
188The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
189The following utilities are available:
190
191- ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
192 and repair a JFS formatted partition.
193
194- ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
195
196- other file system utilities are also available in this package.
197
198Reiserfsprogs
199-------------
200
201The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
202(Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
203versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
204``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
205
206Xfsprogs
207--------
208
209The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
210``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
211architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
212work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
213later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
214
215PCMCIAutils
216-----------
217
218PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
219PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
220for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
221subsystem is used.
222
223Quota-tools
224-----------
225
226Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
227the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
228newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
229from the table above.
230
231Intel IA32 microcode
232--------------------
233
234A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
235accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
236udev you may need to::
237
238 mkdir /dev/cpu
239 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
240 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
241
242as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
243get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
244
245udev
246----
247
248``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
249only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
250functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
251devices.
252
253FUSE
254----
255
256Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
257options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
258
259Networking
260**********
261
262General changes
263---------------
264
265If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
266consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
267
268Packet Filter / NAT
269-------------------
270The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
271kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
272for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
273
274PPP
275---
276
277The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
278enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
279upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
280
281If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
282which can be made by::
283
284 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
285
286as root.
287
288NFS-utils
289---------
290
291In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
292about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
293information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
294mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
295would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
296
297This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
298which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
299fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
300getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
301
302With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
303when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
304appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
305dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
306currently active clients.
307
308To enable this new functionality, you need to::
309
310 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
311
312before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
313services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
314that is possible.
315
316mcelog
317------
318
319On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
320events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
321reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
322
323Kernel documentation
324********************
325
326Sphinx
327------
328
329Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
330for details about Sphinx requirements.
331
332Getting updated software
333========================
334
335Kernel compilation
336******************
337
338gcc
339---
340
341- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
342
343Clang/LLVM
344----------
345
346- :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`.
347
348Make
349----
350
351- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
352
353Binutils
354--------
355
356- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
357
358Flex
359----
360
361- <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>
362
363Bison
364-----
365
366- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>
367
368OpenSSL
369-------
370
371- <https://www.openssl.org/>
372
373System utilities
374****************
375
376Util-linux
377----------
378
379- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
380
381Kmod
382----
383
384- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/>
385- <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git>
386
387Ksymoops
388--------
389
390- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
391
392Mkinitrd
393--------
394
395- <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
396
397E2fsprogs
398---------
399
400- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/>
401- <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git/>
402
403JFSutils
404--------
405
406- <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
407
408Reiserfsprogs
409-------------
410
411- <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeffm/reiserfsprogs.git/>
412
413Xfsprogs
414--------
415
416- <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfsprogs-dev.git>
417- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/xfs/xfsprogs/>
418
419Pcmciautils
420-----------
421
422- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
423
424Quota-tools
425-----------
426
427- <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
428
429
430Intel P6 microcode
431------------------
432
433- <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
434
435udev
436----
437
438- <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
439
440FUSE
441----
442
443- <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases>
444
445mcelog
446------
447
448- <http://www.mcelog.org/>
449
450Networking
451**********
452
453PPP
454---
455
456- <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
457- <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git>
458- <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/>
459
460NFS-utils
461---------
462
463- <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
464
465Iptables
466--------
467
468- <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html>
469
470Ip-route2
471---------
472
473- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
474
475OProfile
476--------
477
478- <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
479
480NFS-Utils
481---------
482
483- <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
484
485Kernel documentation
486********************
487
488Sphinx
489------
490
491- <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>