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1------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 T H E /proc F I L E S Y S T E M
3------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4/proc/sys Terrehon Bowden <terrehon@pacbell.net> October 7 1999
5 Bodo Bauer <bb@ricochet.net>
6
72.4.x update Jorge Nerin <comandante@zaralinux.com> November 14 2000
8move /proc/sys Shen Feng <shen@cn.fujitsu.com> April 1 2009
9------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10Version 1.3 Kernel version 2.2.12
11 Kernel version 2.4.0-test11-pre4
12------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13fixes/update part 1.1 Stefani Seibold <stefani@seibold.net> June 9 2009
14
15Table of Contents
16-----------------
17
18 0 Preface
19 0.1 Introduction/Credits
20 0.2 Legal Stuff
21
22 1 Collecting System Information
23 1.1 Process-Specific Subdirectories
24 1.2 Kernel data
25 1.3 IDE devices in /proc/ide
26 1.4 Networking info in /proc/net
27 1.5 SCSI info
28 1.6 Parallel port info in /proc/parport
29 1.7 TTY info in /proc/tty
30 1.8 Miscellaneous kernel statistics in /proc/stat
31 1.9 Ext4 file system parameters
32
33 2 Modifying System Parameters
34
35 3 Per-Process Parameters
36 3.1 /proc/<pid>/oom_adj & /proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj - Adjust the oom-killer
37 score
38 3.2 /proc/<pid>/oom_score - Display current oom-killer score
39 3.3 /proc/<pid>/io - Display the IO accounting fields
40 3.4 /proc/<pid>/coredump_filter - Core dump filtering settings
41 3.5 /proc/<pid>/mountinfo - Information about mounts
42 3.6 /proc/<pid>/comm & /proc/<pid>/task/<tid>/comm
43 3.7 /proc/<pid>/task/<tid>/children - Information about task children
44 3.8 /proc/<pid>/fdinfo/<fd> - Information about opened file
45 3.9 /proc/<pid>/map_files - Information about memory mapped files
46 3.10 /proc/<pid>/timerslack_ns - Task timerslack value
47 3.11 /proc/<pid>/patch_state - Livepatch patch operation state
48 3.12 /proc/<pid>/arch_status - Task architecture specific information
49
50 4 Configuring procfs
51 4.1 Mount options
52
53------------------------------------------------------------------------------
54Preface
55------------------------------------------------------------------------------
56
570.1 Introduction/Credits
58------------------------
59
60This documentation is part of a soon (or so we hope) to be released book on
61the SuSE Linux distribution. As there is no complete documentation for the
62/proc file system and we've used many freely available sources to write these
63chapters, it seems only fair to give the work back to the Linux community.
64This work is based on the 2.2.* kernel version and the upcoming 2.4.*. I'm
65afraid it's still far from complete, but we hope it will be useful. As far as
66we know, it is the first 'all-in-one' document about the /proc file system. It
67is focused on the Intel x86 hardware, so if you are looking for PPC, ARM,
68SPARC, AXP, etc., features, you probably won't find what you are looking for.
69It also only covers IPv4 networking, not IPv6 nor other protocols - sorry. But
70additions and patches are welcome and will be added to this document if you
71mail them to Bodo.
72
73We'd like to thank Alan Cox, Rik van Riel, and Alexey Kuznetsov and a lot of
74other people for help compiling this documentation. We'd also like to extend a
75special thank you to Andi Kleen for documentation, which we relied on heavily
76to create this document, as well as the additional information he provided.
77Thanks to everybody else who contributed source or docs to the Linux kernel
78and helped create a great piece of software... :)
79
80If you have any comments, corrections or additions, please don't hesitate to
81contact Bodo Bauer at bb@ricochet.net. We'll be happy to add them to this
82document.
83
84The latest version of this document is available online at
85http://tldp.org/LDP/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/html/proc.html
86
87If the above direction does not works for you, you could try the kernel
88mailing list at linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org and/or try to reach me at
89comandante@zaralinux.com.
90
910.2 Legal Stuff
92---------------
93
94We don't guarantee the correctness of this document, and if you come to us
95complaining about how you screwed up your system because of incorrect
96documentation, we won't feel responsible...
97
98------------------------------------------------------------------------------
99CHAPTER 1: COLLECTING SYSTEM INFORMATION
100------------------------------------------------------------------------------
101
102------------------------------------------------------------------------------
103In This Chapter
104------------------------------------------------------------------------------
105* Investigating the properties of the pseudo file system /proc and its
106 ability to provide information on the running Linux system
107* Examining /proc's structure
108* Uncovering various information about the kernel and the processes running
109 on the system
110------------------------------------------------------------------------------
111
112
113The proc file system acts as an interface to internal data structures in the
114kernel. It can be used to obtain information about the system and to change
115certain kernel parameters at runtime (sysctl).
116
117First, we'll take a look at the read-only parts of /proc. In Chapter 2, we
118show you how you can use /proc/sys to change settings.
119
1201.1 Process-Specific Subdirectories
121-----------------------------------
122
123The directory /proc contains (among other things) one subdirectory for each
124process running on the system, which is named after the process ID (PID).
125
126The link self points to the process reading the file system. Each process
127subdirectory has the entries listed in Table 1-1.
128
129Note that an open a file descriptor to /proc/<pid> or to any of its
130contained files or subdirectories does not prevent <pid> being reused
131for some other process in the event that <pid> exits. Operations on
132open /proc/<pid> file descriptors corresponding to dead processes
133never act on any new process that the kernel may, through chance, have
134also assigned the process ID <pid>. Instead, operations on these FDs
135usually fail with ESRCH.
136
137Table 1-1: Process specific entries in /proc
138..............................................................................
139 File Content
140 clear_refs Clears page referenced bits shown in smaps output
141 cmdline Command line arguments
142 cpu Current and last cpu in which it was executed (2.4)(smp)
143 cwd Link to the current working directory
144 environ Values of environment variables
145 exe Link to the executable of this process
146 fd Directory, which contains all file descriptors
147 maps Memory maps to executables and library files (2.4)
148 mem Memory held by this process
149 root Link to the root directory of this process
150 stat Process status
151 statm Process memory status information
152 status Process status in human readable form
153 wchan Present with CONFIG_KALLSYMS=y: it shows the kernel function
154 symbol the task is blocked in - or "0" if not blocked.
155 pagemap Page table
156 stack Report full stack trace, enable via CONFIG_STACKTRACE
157 smaps An extension based on maps, showing the memory consumption of
158 each mapping and flags associated with it
159 smaps_rollup Accumulated smaps stats for all mappings of the process. This
160 can be derived from smaps, but is faster and more convenient
161 numa_maps An extension based on maps, showing the memory locality and
162 binding policy as well as mem usage (in pages) of each mapping.
163..............................................................................
164
165For example, to get the status information of a process, all you have to do is
166read the file /proc/PID/status:
167
168 >cat /proc/self/status
169 Name: cat
170 State: R (running)
171 Tgid: 5452
172 Pid: 5452
173 PPid: 743
174 TracerPid: 0 (2.4)
175 Uid: 501 501 501 501
176 Gid: 100 100 100 100
177 FDSize: 256
178 Groups: 100 14 16
179 VmPeak: 5004 kB
180 VmSize: 5004 kB
181 VmLck: 0 kB
182 VmHWM: 476 kB
183 VmRSS: 476 kB
184 RssAnon: 352 kB
185 RssFile: 120 kB
186 RssShmem: 4 kB
187 VmData: 156 kB
188 VmStk: 88 kB
189 VmExe: 68 kB
190 VmLib: 1412 kB
191 VmPTE: 20 kb
192 VmSwap: 0 kB
193 HugetlbPages: 0 kB
194 CoreDumping: 0
195 THP_enabled: 1
196 Threads: 1
197 SigQ: 0/28578
198 SigPnd: 0000000000000000
199 ShdPnd: 0000000000000000
200 SigBlk: 0000000000000000
201 SigIgn: 0000000000000000
202 SigCgt: 0000000000000000
203 CapInh: 00000000fffffeff
204 CapPrm: 0000000000000000
205 CapEff: 0000000000000000
206 CapBnd: ffffffffffffffff
207 CapAmb: 0000000000000000
208 NoNewPrivs: 0
209 Seccomp: 0
210 Speculation_Store_Bypass: thread vulnerable
211 voluntary_ctxt_switches: 0
212 nonvoluntary_ctxt_switches: 1
213
214This shows you nearly the same information you would get if you viewed it with
215the ps command. In fact, ps uses the proc file system to obtain its
216information. But you get a more detailed view of the process by reading the
217file /proc/PID/status. It fields are described in table 1-2.
218
219The statm file contains more detailed information about the process
220memory usage. Its seven fields are explained in Table 1-3. The stat file
221contains details information about the process itself. Its fields are
222explained in Table 1-4.
223
224(for SMP CONFIG users)
225For making accounting scalable, RSS related information are handled in an
226asynchronous manner and the value may not be very precise. To see a precise
227snapshot of a moment, you can see /proc/<pid>/smaps file and scan page table.
228It's slow but very precise.
229
230Table 1-2: Contents of the status files (as of 4.19)
231..............................................................................
232 Field Content
233 Name filename of the executable
234 Umask file mode creation mask
235 State state (R is running, S is sleeping, D is sleeping
236 in an uninterruptible wait, Z is zombie,
237 T is traced or stopped)
238 Tgid thread group ID
239 Ngid NUMA group ID (0 if none)
240 Pid process id
241 PPid process id of the parent process
242 TracerPid PID of process tracing this process (0 if not)
243 Uid Real, effective, saved set, and file system UIDs
244 Gid Real, effective, saved set, and file system GIDs
245 FDSize number of file descriptor slots currently allocated
246 Groups supplementary group list
247 NStgid descendant namespace thread group ID hierarchy
248 NSpid descendant namespace process ID hierarchy
249 NSpgid descendant namespace process group ID hierarchy
250 NSsid descendant namespace session ID hierarchy
251 VmPeak peak virtual memory size
252 VmSize total program size
253 VmLck locked memory size
254 VmPin pinned memory size
255 VmHWM peak resident set size ("high water mark")
256 VmRSS size of memory portions. It contains the three
257 following parts (VmRSS = RssAnon + RssFile + RssShmem)
258 RssAnon size of resident anonymous memory
259 RssFile size of resident file mappings
260 RssShmem size of resident shmem memory (includes SysV shm,
261 mapping of tmpfs and shared anonymous mappings)
262 VmData size of private data segments
263 VmStk size of stack segments
264 VmExe size of text segment
265 VmLib size of shared library code
266 VmPTE size of page table entries
267 VmSwap amount of swap used by anonymous private data
268 (shmem swap usage is not included)
269 HugetlbPages size of hugetlb memory portions
270 CoreDumping process's memory is currently being dumped
271 (killing the process may lead to a corrupted core)
272 THP_enabled process is allowed to use THP (returns 0 when
273 PR_SET_THP_DISABLE is set on the process
274 Threads number of threads
275 SigQ number of signals queued/max. number for queue
276 SigPnd bitmap of pending signals for the thread
277 ShdPnd bitmap of shared pending signals for the process
278 SigBlk bitmap of blocked signals
279 SigIgn bitmap of ignored signals
280 SigCgt bitmap of caught signals
281 CapInh bitmap of inheritable capabilities
282 CapPrm bitmap of permitted capabilities
283 CapEff bitmap of effective capabilities
284 CapBnd bitmap of capabilities bounding set
285 CapAmb bitmap of ambient capabilities
286 NoNewPrivs no_new_privs, like prctl(PR_GET_NO_NEW_PRIV, ...)
287 Seccomp seccomp mode, like prctl(PR_GET_SECCOMP, ...)
288 Speculation_Store_Bypass speculative store bypass mitigation status
289 Cpus_allowed mask of CPUs on which this process may run
290 Cpus_allowed_list Same as previous, but in "list format"
291 Mems_allowed mask of memory nodes allowed to this process
292 Mems_allowed_list Same as previous, but in "list format"
293 voluntary_ctxt_switches number of voluntary context switches
294 nonvoluntary_ctxt_switches number of non voluntary context switches
295..............................................................................
296
297Table 1-3: Contents of the statm files (as of 2.6.8-rc3)
298..............................................................................
299 Field Content
300 size total program size (pages) (same as VmSize in status)
301 resident size of memory portions (pages) (same as VmRSS in status)
302 shared number of pages that are shared (i.e. backed by a file, same
303 as RssFile+RssShmem in status)
304 trs number of pages that are 'code' (not including libs; broken,
305 includes data segment)
306 lrs number of pages of library (always 0 on 2.6)
307 drs number of pages of data/stack (including libs; broken,
308 includes library text)
309 dt number of dirty pages (always 0 on 2.6)
310..............................................................................
311
312
313Table 1-4: Contents of the stat files (as of 2.6.30-rc7)
314..............................................................................
315 Field Content
316 pid process id
317 tcomm filename of the executable
318 state state (R is running, S is sleeping, D is sleeping in an
319 uninterruptible wait, Z is zombie, T is traced or stopped)
320 ppid process id of the parent process
321 pgrp pgrp of the process
322 sid session id
323 tty_nr tty the process uses
324 tty_pgrp pgrp of the tty
325 flags task flags
326 min_flt number of minor faults
327 cmin_flt number of minor faults with child's
328 maj_flt number of major faults
329 cmaj_flt number of major faults with child's
330 utime user mode jiffies
331 stime kernel mode jiffies
332 cutime user mode jiffies with child's
333 cstime kernel mode jiffies with child's
334 priority priority level
335 nice nice level
336 num_threads number of threads
337 it_real_value (obsolete, always 0)
338 start_time time the process started after system boot
339 vsize virtual memory size
340 rss resident set memory size
341 rsslim current limit in bytes on the rss
342 start_code address above which program text can run
343 end_code address below which program text can run
344 start_stack address of the start of the main process stack
345 esp current value of ESP
346 eip current value of EIP
347 pending bitmap of pending signals
348 blocked bitmap of blocked signals
349 sigign bitmap of ignored signals
350 sigcatch bitmap of caught signals
351 0 (place holder, used to be the wchan address, use /proc/PID/wchan instead)
352 0 (place holder)
353 0 (place holder)
354 exit_signal signal to send to parent thread on exit
355 task_cpu which CPU the task is scheduled on
356 rt_priority realtime priority
357 policy scheduling policy (man sched_setscheduler)
358 blkio_ticks time spent waiting for block IO
359 gtime guest time of the task in jiffies
360 cgtime guest time of the task children in jiffies
361 start_data address above which program data+bss is placed
362 end_data address below which program data+bss is placed
363 start_brk address above which program heap can be expanded with brk()
364 arg_start address above which program command line is placed
365 arg_end address below which program command line is placed
366 env_start address above which program environment is placed
367 env_end address below which program environment is placed
368 exit_code the thread's exit_code in the form reported by the waitpid system call
369..............................................................................
370
371The /proc/PID/maps file contains the currently mapped memory regions and
372their access permissions.
373
374The format is:
375
376address perms offset dev inode pathname
377
37808048000-08049000 r-xp 00000000 03:00 8312 /opt/test
37908049000-0804a000 rw-p 00001000 03:00 8312 /opt/test
3800804a000-0806b000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [heap]
381a7cb1000-a7cb2000 ---p 00000000 00:00 0
382a7cb2000-a7eb2000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
383a7eb2000-a7eb3000 ---p 00000000 00:00 0
384a7eb3000-a7ed5000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
385a7ed5000-a8008000 r-xp 00000000 03:00 4222 /lib/libc.so.6
386a8008000-a800a000 r--p 00133000 03:00 4222 /lib/libc.so.6
387a800a000-a800b000 rw-p 00135000 03:00 4222 /lib/libc.so.6
388a800b000-a800e000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
389a800e000-a8022000 r-xp 00000000 03:00 14462 /lib/libpthread.so.0
390a8022000-a8023000 r--p 00013000 03:00 14462 /lib/libpthread.so.0
391a8023000-a8024000 rw-p 00014000 03:00 14462 /lib/libpthread.so.0
392a8024000-a8027000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
393a8027000-a8043000 r-xp 00000000 03:00 8317 /lib/ld-linux.so.2
394a8043000-a8044000 r--p 0001b000 03:00 8317 /lib/ld-linux.so.2
395a8044000-a8045000 rw-p 0001c000 03:00 8317 /lib/ld-linux.so.2
396aff35000-aff4a000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [stack]
397ffffe000-fffff000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0 [vdso]
398
399where "address" is the address space in the process that it occupies, "perms"
400is a set of permissions:
401
402 r = read
403 w = write
404 x = execute
405 s = shared
406 p = private (copy on write)
407
408"offset" is the offset into the mapping, "dev" is the device (major:minor), and
409"inode" is the inode on that device. 0 indicates that no inode is associated
410with the memory region, as the case would be with BSS (uninitialized data).
411The "pathname" shows the name associated file for this mapping. If the mapping
412is not associated with a file:
413
414 [heap] = the heap of the program
415 [stack] = the stack of the main process
416 [vdso] = the "virtual dynamic shared object",
417 the kernel system call handler
418
419 or if empty, the mapping is anonymous.
420
421The /proc/PID/smaps is an extension based on maps, showing the memory
422consumption for each of the process's mappings. For each mapping (aka Virtual
423Memory Area, or VMA) there is a series of lines such as the following:
424
42508048000-080bc000 r-xp 00000000 03:02 13130 /bin/bash
426
427Size: 1084 kB
428KernelPageSize: 4 kB
429MMUPageSize: 4 kB
430Rss: 892 kB
431Pss: 374 kB
432Shared_Clean: 892 kB
433Shared_Dirty: 0 kB
434Private_Clean: 0 kB
435Private_Dirty: 0 kB
436Referenced: 892 kB
437Anonymous: 0 kB
438LazyFree: 0 kB
439AnonHugePages: 0 kB
440ShmemPmdMapped: 0 kB
441Shared_Hugetlb: 0 kB
442Private_Hugetlb: 0 kB
443Swap: 0 kB
444SwapPss: 0 kB
445KernelPageSize: 4 kB
446MMUPageSize: 4 kB
447Locked: 0 kB
448THPeligible: 0
449VmFlags: rd ex mr mw me dw
450
451The first of these lines shows the same information as is displayed for the
452mapping in /proc/PID/maps. Following lines show the size of the mapping
453(size); the size of each page allocated when backing a VMA (KernelPageSize),
454which is usually the same as the size in the page table entries; the page size
455used by the MMU when backing a VMA (in most cases, the same as KernelPageSize);
456the amount of the mapping that is currently resident in RAM (RSS); the
457process' proportional share of this mapping (PSS); and the number of clean and
458dirty shared and private pages in the mapping.
459
460The "proportional set size" (PSS) of a process is the count of pages it has
461in memory, where each page is divided by the number of processes sharing it.
462So if a process has 1000 pages all to itself, and 1000 shared with one other
463process, its PSS will be 1500.
464Note that even a page which is part of a MAP_SHARED mapping, but has only
465a single pte mapped, i.e. is currently used by only one process, is accounted
466as private and not as shared.
467"Referenced" indicates the amount of memory currently marked as referenced or
468accessed.
469"Anonymous" shows the amount of memory that does not belong to any file. Even
470a mapping associated with a file may contain anonymous pages: when MAP_PRIVATE
471and a page is modified, the file page is replaced by a private anonymous copy.
472"LazyFree" shows the amount of memory which is marked by madvise(MADV_FREE).
473The memory isn't freed immediately with madvise(). It's freed in memory
474pressure if the memory is clean. Please note that the printed value might
475be lower than the real value due to optimizations used in the current
476implementation. If this is not desirable please file a bug report.
477"AnonHugePages" shows the ammount of memory backed by transparent hugepage.
478"ShmemPmdMapped" shows the ammount of shared (shmem/tmpfs) memory backed by
479huge pages.
480"Shared_Hugetlb" and "Private_Hugetlb" show the ammounts of memory backed by
481hugetlbfs page which is *not* counted in "RSS" or "PSS" field for historical
482reasons. And these are not included in {Shared,Private}_{Clean,Dirty} field.
483"Swap" shows how much would-be-anonymous memory is also used, but out on swap.
484For shmem mappings, "Swap" includes also the size of the mapped (and not
485replaced by copy-on-write) part of the underlying shmem object out on swap.
486"SwapPss" shows proportional swap share of this mapping. Unlike "Swap", this
487does not take into account swapped out page of underlying shmem objects.
488"Locked" indicates whether the mapping is locked in memory or not.
489"THPeligible" indicates whether the mapping is eligible for allocating THP
490pages - 1 if true, 0 otherwise. It just shows the current status.
491
492"VmFlags" field deserves a separate description. This member represents the kernel
493flags associated with the particular virtual memory area in two letter encoded
494manner. The codes are the following:
495 rd - readable
496 wr - writeable
497 ex - executable
498 sh - shared
499 mr - may read
500 mw - may write
501 me - may execute
502 ms - may share
503 gd - stack segment growns down
504 pf - pure PFN range
505 dw - disabled write to the mapped file
506 lo - pages are locked in memory
507 io - memory mapped I/O area
508 sr - sequential read advise provided
509 rr - random read advise provided
510 dc - do not copy area on fork
511 de - do not expand area on remapping
512 ac - area is accountable
513 nr - swap space is not reserved for the area
514 ht - area uses huge tlb pages
515 ar - architecture specific flag
516 dd - do not include area into core dump
517 sd - soft-dirty flag
518 mm - mixed map area
519 hg - huge page advise flag
520 nh - no-huge page advise flag
521 mg - mergable advise flag
522
523Note that there is no guarantee that every flag and associated mnemonic will
524be present in all further kernel releases. Things get changed, the flags may
525be vanished or the reverse -- new added. Interpretation of their meaning
526might change in future as well. So each consumer of these flags has to
527follow each specific kernel version for the exact semantic.
528
529This file is only present if the CONFIG_MMU kernel configuration option is
530enabled.
531
532Note: reading /proc/PID/maps or /proc/PID/smaps is inherently racy (consistent
533output can be achieved only in the single read call).
534This typically manifests when doing partial reads of these files while the
535memory map is being modified. Despite the races, we do provide the following
536guarantees:
537
5381) The mapped addresses never go backwards, which implies no two
539 regions will ever overlap.
5402) If there is something at a given vaddr during the entirety of the
541 life of the smaps/maps walk, there will be some output for it.
542
543The /proc/PID/smaps_rollup file includes the same fields as /proc/PID/smaps,
544but their values are the sums of the corresponding values for all mappings of
545the process. Additionally, it contains these fields:
546
547Pss_Anon
548Pss_File
549Pss_Shmem
550
551They represent the proportional shares of anonymous, file, and shmem pages, as
552described for smaps above. These fields are omitted in smaps since each
553mapping identifies the type (anon, file, or shmem) of all pages it contains.
554Thus all information in smaps_rollup can be derived from smaps, but at a
555significantly higher cost.
556
557The /proc/PID/clear_refs is used to reset the PG_Referenced and ACCESSED/YOUNG
558bits on both physical and virtual pages associated with a process, and the
559soft-dirty bit on pte (see Documentation/admin-guide/mm/soft-dirty.rst
560for details).
561To clear the bits for all the pages associated with the process
562 > echo 1 > /proc/PID/clear_refs
563
564To clear the bits for the anonymous pages associated with the process
565 > echo 2 > /proc/PID/clear_refs
566
567To clear the bits for the file mapped pages associated with the process
568 > echo 3 > /proc/PID/clear_refs
569
570To clear the soft-dirty bit
571 > echo 4 > /proc/PID/clear_refs
572
573To reset the peak resident set size ("high water mark") to the process's
574current value:
575 > echo 5 > /proc/PID/clear_refs
576
577Any other value written to /proc/PID/clear_refs will have no effect.
578
579The /proc/pid/pagemap gives the PFN, which can be used to find the pageflags
580using /proc/kpageflags and number of times a page is mapped using
581/proc/kpagecount. For detailed explanation, see
582Documentation/admin-guide/mm/pagemap.rst.
583
584The /proc/pid/numa_maps is an extension based on maps, showing the memory
585locality and binding policy, as well as the memory usage (in pages) of
586each mapping. The output follows a general format where mapping details get
587summarized separated by blank spaces, one mapping per each file line:
588
589address policy mapping details
590
59100400000 default file=/usr/local/bin/app mapped=1 active=0 N3=1 kernelpagesize_kB=4
59200600000 default file=/usr/local/bin/app anon=1 dirty=1 N3=1 kernelpagesize_kB=4
5933206000000 default file=/lib64/ld-2.12.so mapped=26 mapmax=6 N0=24 N3=2 kernelpagesize_kB=4
594320621f000 default file=/lib64/ld-2.12.so anon=1 dirty=1 N3=1 kernelpagesize_kB=4
5953206220000 default file=/lib64/ld-2.12.so anon=1 dirty=1 N3=1 kernelpagesize_kB=4
5963206221000 default anon=1 dirty=1 N3=1 kernelpagesize_kB=4
5973206800000 default file=/lib64/libc-2.12.so mapped=59 mapmax=21 active=55 N0=41 N3=18 kernelpagesize_kB=4
598320698b000 default file=/lib64/libc-2.12.so
5993206b8a000 default file=/lib64/libc-2.12.so anon=2 dirty=2 N3=2 kernelpagesize_kB=4
6003206b8e000 default file=/lib64/libc-2.12.so anon=1 dirty=1 N3=1 kernelpagesize_kB=4
6013206b8f000 default anon=3 dirty=3 active=1 N3=3 kernelpagesize_kB=4
6027f4dc10a2000 default anon=3 dirty=3 N3=3 kernelpagesize_kB=4
6037f4dc10b4000 default anon=2 dirty=2 active=1 N3=2 kernelpagesize_kB=4
6047f4dc1200000 default file=/anon_hugepage\040(deleted) huge anon=1 dirty=1 N3=1 kernelpagesize_kB=2048
6057fff335f0000 default stack anon=3 dirty=3 N3=3 kernelpagesize_kB=4
6067fff3369d000 default mapped=1 mapmax=35 active=0 N3=1 kernelpagesize_kB=4
607
608Where:
609"address" is the starting address for the mapping;
610"policy" reports the NUMA memory policy set for the mapping (see Documentation/admin-guide/mm/numa_memory_policy.rst);
611"mapping details" summarizes mapping data such as mapping type, page usage counters,
612node locality page counters (N0 == node0, N1 == node1, ...) and the kernel page
613size, in KB, that is backing the mapping up.
614
6151.2 Kernel data
616---------------
617
618Similar to the process entries, the kernel data files give information about
619the running kernel. The files used to obtain this information are contained in
620/proc and are listed in Table 1-5. Not all of these will be present in your
621system. It depends on the kernel configuration and the loaded modules, which
622files are there, and which are missing.
623
624Table 1-5: Kernel info in /proc
625..............................................................................
626 File Content
627 apm Advanced power management info
628 buddyinfo Kernel memory allocator information (see text) (2.5)
629 bus Directory containing bus specific information
630 cmdline Kernel command line
631 cpuinfo Info about the CPU
632 devices Available devices (block and character)
633 dma Used DMS channels
634 filesystems Supported filesystems
635 driver Various drivers grouped here, currently rtc (2.4)
636 execdomains Execdomains, related to security (2.4)
637 fb Frame Buffer devices (2.4)
638 fs File system parameters, currently nfs/exports (2.4)
639 ide Directory containing info about the IDE subsystem
640 interrupts Interrupt usage
641 iomem Memory map (2.4)
642 ioports I/O port usage
643 irq Masks for irq to cpu affinity (2.4)(smp?)
644 isapnp ISA PnP (Plug&Play) Info (2.4)
645 kcore Kernel core image (can be ELF or A.OUT(deprecated in 2.4))
646 kmsg Kernel messages
647 ksyms Kernel symbol table
648 loadavg Load average of last 1, 5 & 15 minutes
649 locks Kernel locks
650 meminfo Memory info
651 misc Miscellaneous
652 modules List of loaded modules
653 mounts Mounted filesystems
654 net Networking info (see text)
655 pagetypeinfo Additional page allocator information (see text) (2.5)
656 partitions Table of partitions known to the system
657 pci Deprecated info of PCI bus (new way -> /proc/bus/pci/,
658 decoupled by lspci (2.4)
659 rtc Real time clock
660 scsi SCSI info (see text)
661 slabinfo Slab pool info
662 softirqs softirq usage
663 stat Overall statistics
664 swaps Swap space utilization
665 sys See chapter 2
666 sysvipc Info of SysVIPC Resources (msg, sem, shm) (2.4)
667 tty Info of tty drivers
668 uptime Wall clock since boot, combined idle time of all cpus
669 version Kernel version
670 video bttv info of video resources (2.4)
671 vmallocinfo Show vmalloced areas
672..............................................................................
673
674You can, for example, check which interrupts are currently in use and what
675they are used for by looking in the file /proc/interrupts:
676
677 > cat /proc/interrupts
678 CPU0
679 0: 8728810 XT-PIC timer
680 1: 895 XT-PIC keyboard
681 2: 0 XT-PIC cascade
682 3: 531695 XT-PIC aha152x
683 4: 2014133 XT-PIC serial
684 5: 44401 XT-PIC pcnet_cs
685 8: 2 XT-PIC rtc
686 11: 8 XT-PIC i82365
687 12: 182918 XT-PIC PS/2 Mouse
688 13: 1 XT-PIC fpu
689 14: 1232265 XT-PIC ide0
690 15: 7 XT-PIC ide1
691 NMI: 0
692
693In 2.4.* a couple of lines where added to this file LOC & ERR (this time is the
694output of a SMP machine):
695
696 > cat /proc/interrupts
697
698 CPU0 CPU1
699 0: 1243498 1214548 IO-APIC-edge timer
700 1: 8949 8958 IO-APIC-edge keyboard
701 2: 0 0 XT-PIC cascade
702 5: 11286 10161 IO-APIC-edge soundblaster
703 8: 1 0 IO-APIC-edge rtc
704 9: 27422 27407 IO-APIC-edge 3c503
705 12: 113645 113873 IO-APIC-edge PS/2 Mouse
706 13: 0 0 XT-PIC fpu
707 14: 22491 24012 IO-APIC-edge ide0
708 15: 2183 2415 IO-APIC-edge ide1
709 17: 30564 30414 IO-APIC-level eth0
710 18: 177 164 IO-APIC-level bttv
711 NMI: 2457961 2457959
712 LOC: 2457882 2457881
713 ERR: 2155
714
715NMI is incremented in this case because every timer interrupt generates a NMI
716(Non Maskable Interrupt) which is used by the NMI Watchdog to detect lockups.
717
718LOC is the local interrupt counter of the internal APIC of every CPU.
719
720ERR is incremented in the case of errors in the IO-APIC bus (the bus that
721connects the CPUs in a SMP system. This means that an error has been detected,
722the IO-APIC automatically retry the transmission, so it should not be a big
723problem, but you should read the SMP-FAQ.
724
725In 2.6.2* /proc/interrupts was expanded again. This time the goal was for
726/proc/interrupts to display every IRQ vector in use by the system, not
727just those considered 'most important'. The new vectors are:
728
729 THR -- interrupt raised when a machine check threshold counter
730 (typically counting ECC corrected errors of memory or cache) exceeds
731 a configurable threshold. Only available on some systems.
732
733 TRM -- a thermal event interrupt occurs when a temperature threshold
734 has been exceeded for the CPU. This interrupt may also be generated
735 when the temperature drops back to normal.
736
737 SPU -- a spurious interrupt is some interrupt that was raised then lowered
738 by some IO device before it could be fully processed by the APIC. Hence
739 the APIC sees the interrupt but does not know what device it came from.
740 For this case the APIC will generate the interrupt with a IRQ vector
741 of 0xff. This might also be generated by chipset bugs.
742
743 RES, CAL, TLB -- rescheduling, call and TLB flush interrupts are
744 sent from one CPU to another per the needs of the OS. Typically,
745 their statistics are used by kernel developers and interested users to
746 determine the occurrence of interrupts of the given type.
747
748The above IRQ vectors are displayed only when relevant. For example,
749the threshold vector does not exist on x86_64 platforms. Others are
750suppressed when the system is a uniprocessor. As of this writing, only
751i386 and x86_64 platforms support the new IRQ vector displays.
752
753Of some interest is the introduction of the /proc/irq directory to 2.4.
754It could be used to set IRQ to CPU affinity, this means that you can "hook" an
755IRQ to only one CPU, or to exclude a CPU of handling IRQs. The contents of the
756irq subdir is one subdir for each IRQ, and two files; default_smp_affinity and
757prof_cpu_mask.
758
759For example
760 > ls /proc/irq/
761 0 10 12 14 16 18 2 4 6 8 prof_cpu_mask
762 1 11 13 15 17 19 3 5 7 9 default_smp_affinity
763 > ls /proc/irq/0/
764 smp_affinity
765
766smp_affinity is a bitmask, in which you can specify which CPUs can handle the
767IRQ, you can set it by doing:
768
769 > echo 1 > /proc/irq/10/smp_affinity
770
771This means that only the first CPU will handle the IRQ, but you can also echo
7725 which means that only the first and third CPU can handle the IRQ.
773
774The contents of each smp_affinity file is the same by default:
775
776 > cat /proc/irq/0/smp_affinity
777 ffffffff
778
779There is an alternate interface, smp_affinity_list which allows specifying
780a cpu range instead of a bitmask:
781
782 > cat /proc/irq/0/smp_affinity_list
783 1024-1031
784
785The default_smp_affinity mask applies to all non-active IRQs, which are the
786IRQs which have not yet been allocated/activated, and hence which lack a
787/proc/irq/[0-9]* directory.
788
789The node file on an SMP system shows the node to which the device using the IRQ
790reports itself as being attached. This hardware locality information does not
791include information about any possible driver locality preference.
792
793prof_cpu_mask specifies which CPUs are to be profiled by the system wide
794profiler. Default value is ffffffff (all cpus if there are only 32 of them).
795
796The way IRQs are routed is handled by the IO-APIC, and it's Round Robin
797between all the CPUs which are allowed to handle it. As usual the kernel has
798more info than you and does a better job than you, so the defaults are the
799best choice for almost everyone. [Note this applies only to those IO-APIC's
800that support "Round Robin" interrupt distribution.]
801
802There are three more important subdirectories in /proc: net, scsi, and sys.
803The general rule is that the contents, or even the existence of these
804directories, depend on your kernel configuration. If SCSI is not enabled, the
805directory scsi may not exist. The same is true with the net, which is there
806only when networking support is present in the running kernel.
807
808The slabinfo file gives information about memory usage at the slab level.
809Linux uses slab pools for memory management above page level in version 2.2.
810Commonly used objects have their own slab pool (such as network buffers,
811directory cache, and so on).
812
813..............................................................................
814
815> cat /proc/buddyinfo
816
817Node 0, zone DMA 0 4 5 4 4 3 ...
818Node 0, zone Normal 1 0 0 1 101 8 ...
819Node 0, zone HighMem 2 0 0 1 1 0 ...
820
821External fragmentation is a problem under some workloads, and buddyinfo is a
822useful tool for helping diagnose these problems. Buddyinfo will give you a
823clue as to how big an area you can safely allocate, or why a previous
824allocation failed.
825
826Each column represents the number of pages of a certain order which are
827available. In this case, there are 0 chunks of 2^0*PAGE_SIZE available in
828ZONE_DMA, 4 chunks of 2^1*PAGE_SIZE in ZONE_DMA, 101 chunks of 2^4*PAGE_SIZE
829available in ZONE_NORMAL, etc...
830
831More information relevant to external fragmentation can be found in
832pagetypeinfo.
833
834> cat /proc/pagetypeinfo
835Page block order: 9
836Pages per block: 512
837
838Free pages count per migrate type at order 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
839Node 0, zone DMA, type Unmovable 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
840Node 0, zone DMA, type Reclaimable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
841Node 0, zone DMA, type Movable 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 2
842Node 0, zone DMA, type Reserve 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
843Node 0, zone DMA, type Isolate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
844Node 0, zone DMA32, type Unmovable 103 54 77 1 1 1 11 8 7 1 9
845Node 0, zone DMA32, type Reclaimable 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
846Node 0, zone DMA32, type Movable 169 152 113 91 77 54 39 13 6 1 452
847Node 0, zone DMA32, type Reserve 1 2 2 2 2 0 1 1 1 1 0
848Node 0, zone DMA32, type Isolate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
849
850Number of blocks type Unmovable Reclaimable Movable Reserve Isolate
851Node 0, zone DMA 2 0 5 1 0
852Node 0, zone DMA32 41 6 967 2 0
853
854Fragmentation avoidance in the kernel works by grouping pages of different
855migrate types into the same contiguous regions of memory called page blocks.
856A page block is typically the size of the default hugepage size e.g. 2MB on
857X86-64. By keeping pages grouped based on their ability to move, the kernel
858can reclaim pages within a page block to satisfy a high-order allocation.
859
860The pagetypinfo begins with information on the size of a page block. It
861then gives the same type of information as buddyinfo except broken down
862by migrate-type and finishes with details on how many page blocks of each
863type exist.
864
865If min_free_kbytes has been tuned correctly (recommendations made by hugeadm
866from libhugetlbfs https://github.com/libhugetlbfs/libhugetlbfs/), one can
867make an estimate of the likely number of huge pages that can be allocated
868at a given point in time. All the "Movable" blocks should be allocatable
869unless memory has been mlock()'d. Some of the Reclaimable blocks should
870also be allocatable although a lot of filesystem metadata may have to be
871reclaimed to achieve this.
872
873..............................................................................
874
875meminfo:
876
877Provides information about distribution and utilization of memory. This
878varies by architecture and compile options. The following is from a
87916GB PIII, which has highmem enabled. You may not have all of these fields.
880
881> cat /proc/meminfo
882
883MemTotal: 16344972 kB
884MemFree: 13634064 kB
885MemAvailable: 14836172 kB
886Buffers: 3656 kB
887Cached: 1195708 kB
888SwapCached: 0 kB
889Active: 891636 kB
890Inactive: 1077224 kB
891HighTotal: 15597528 kB
892HighFree: 13629632 kB
893LowTotal: 747444 kB
894LowFree: 4432 kB
895SwapTotal: 0 kB
896SwapFree: 0 kB
897Dirty: 968 kB
898Writeback: 0 kB
899AnonPages: 861800 kB
900Mapped: 280372 kB
901Shmem: 644 kB
902KReclaimable: 168048 kB
903Slab: 284364 kB
904SReclaimable: 159856 kB
905SUnreclaim: 124508 kB
906PageTables: 24448 kB
907NFS_Unstable: 0 kB
908Bounce: 0 kB
909WritebackTmp: 0 kB
910CommitLimit: 7669796 kB
911Committed_AS: 100056 kB
912VmallocTotal: 112216 kB
913VmallocUsed: 428 kB
914VmallocChunk: 111088 kB
915Percpu: 62080 kB
916HardwareCorrupted: 0 kB
917AnonHugePages: 49152 kB
918ShmemHugePages: 0 kB
919ShmemPmdMapped: 0 kB
920
921
922 MemTotal: Total usable ram (i.e. physical ram minus a few reserved
923 bits and the kernel binary code)
924 MemFree: The sum of LowFree+HighFree
925MemAvailable: An estimate of how much memory is available for starting new
926 applications, without swapping. Calculated from MemFree,
927 SReclaimable, the size of the file LRU lists, and the low
928 watermarks in each zone.
929 The estimate takes into account that the system needs some
930 page cache to function well, and that not all reclaimable
931 slab will be reclaimable, due to items being in use. The
932 impact of those factors will vary from system to system.
933 Buffers: Relatively temporary storage for raw disk blocks
934 shouldn't get tremendously large (20MB or so)
935 Cached: in-memory cache for files read from the disk (the
936 pagecache). Doesn't include SwapCached
937 SwapCached: Memory that once was swapped out, is swapped back in but
938 still also is in the swapfile (if memory is needed it
939 doesn't need to be swapped out AGAIN because it is already
940 in the swapfile. This saves I/O)
941 Active: Memory that has been used more recently and usually not
942 reclaimed unless absolutely necessary.
943 Inactive: Memory which has been less recently used. It is more
944 eligible to be reclaimed for other purposes
945 HighTotal:
946 HighFree: Highmem is all memory above ~860MB of physical memory
947 Highmem areas are for use by userspace programs, or
948 for the pagecache. The kernel must use tricks to access
949 this memory, making it slower to access than lowmem.
950 LowTotal:
951 LowFree: Lowmem is memory which can be used for everything that
952 highmem can be used for, but it is also available for the
953 kernel's use for its own data structures. Among many
954 other things, it is where everything from the Slab is
955 allocated. Bad things happen when you're out of lowmem.
956 SwapTotal: total amount of swap space available
957 SwapFree: Memory which has been evicted from RAM, and is temporarily
958 on the disk
959 Dirty: Memory which is waiting to get written back to the disk
960 Writeback: Memory which is actively being written back to the disk
961 AnonPages: Non-file backed pages mapped into userspace page tables
962HardwareCorrupted: The amount of RAM/memory in KB, the kernel identifies as
963 corrupted.
964AnonHugePages: Non-file backed huge pages mapped into userspace page tables
965 Mapped: files which have been mmaped, such as libraries
966 Shmem: Total memory used by shared memory (shmem) and tmpfs
967ShmemHugePages: Memory used by shared memory (shmem) and tmpfs allocated
968 with huge pages
969ShmemPmdMapped: Shared memory mapped into userspace with huge pages
970KReclaimable: Kernel allocations that the kernel will attempt to reclaim
971 under memory pressure. Includes SReclaimable (below), and other
972 direct allocations with a shrinker.
973 Slab: in-kernel data structures cache
974SReclaimable: Part of Slab, that might be reclaimed, such as caches
975 SUnreclaim: Part of Slab, that cannot be reclaimed on memory pressure
976 PageTables: amount of memory dedicated to the lowest level of page
977 tables.
978NFS_Unstable: NFS pages sent to the server, but not yet committed to stable
979 storage
980 Bounce: Memory used for block device "bounce buffers"
981WritebackTmp: Memory used by FUSE for temporary writeback buffers
982 CommitLimit: Based on the overcommit ratio ('vm.overcommit_ratio'),
983 this is the total amount of memory currently available to
984 be allocated on the system. This limit is only adhered to
985 if strict overcommit accounting is enabled (mode 2 in
986 'vm.overcommit_memory').
987 The CommitLimit is calculated with the following formula:
988 CommitLimit = ([total RAM pages] - [total huge TLB pages]) *
989 overcommit_ratio / 100 + [total swap pages]
990 For example, on a system with 1G of physical RAM and 7G
991 of swap with a `vm.overcommit_ratio` of 30 it would
992 yield a CommitLimit of 7.3G.
993 For more details, see the memory overcommit documentation
994 in vm/overcommit-accounting.
995Committed_AS: The amount of memory presently allocated on the system.
996 The committed memory is a sum of all of the memory which
997 has been allocated by processes, even if it has not been
998 "used" by them as of yet. A process which malloc()'s 1G
999 of memory, but only touches 300M of it will show up as
1000 using 1G. This 1G is memory which has been "committed" to
1001 by the VM and can be used at any time by the allocating
1002 application. With strict overcommit enabled on the system
1003 (mode 2 in 'vm.overcommit_memory'),allocations which would
1004 exceed the CommitLimit (detailed above) will not be permitted.
1005 This is useful if one needs to guarantee that processes will
1006 not fail due to lack of memory once that memory has been
1007 successfully allocated.
1008VmallocTotal: total size of vmalloc memory area
1009 VmallocUsed: amount of vmalloc area which is used
1010VmallocChunk: largest contiguous block of vmalloc area which is free
1011 Percpu: Memory allocated to the percpu allocator used to back percpu
1012 allocations. This stat excludes the cost of metadata.
1013
1014..............................................................................
1015
1016vmallocinfo:
1017
1018Provides information about vmalloced/vmaped areas. One line per area,
1019containing the virtual address range of the area, size in bytes,
1020caller information of the creator, and optional information depending
1021on the kind of area :
1022
1023 pages=nr number of pages
1024 phys=addr if a physical address was specified
1025 ioremap I/O mapping (ioremap() and friends)
1026 vmalloc vmalloc() area
1027 vmap vmap()ed pages
1028 user VM_USERMAP area
1029 vpages buffer for pages pointers was vmalloced (huge area)
1030 N<node>=nr (Only on NUMA kernels)
1031 Number of pages allocated on memory node <node>
1032
1033> cat /proc/vmallocinfo
10340xffffc20000000000-0xffffc20000201000 2101248 alloc_large_system_hash+0x204 ...
1035 /0x2c0 pages=512 vmalloc N0=128 N1=128 N2=128 N3=128
10360xffffc20000201000-0xffffc20000302000 1052672 alloc_large_system_hash+0x204 ...
1037 /0x2c0 pages=256 vmalloc N0=64 N1=64 N2=64 N3=64
10380xffffc20000302000-0xffffc20000304000 8192 acpi_tb_verify_table+0x21/0x4f...
1039 phys=7fee8000 ioremap
10400xffffc20000304000-0xffffc20000307000 12288 acpi_tb_verify_table+0x21/0x4f...
1041 phys=7fee7000 ioremap
10420xffffc2000031d000-0xffffc2000031f000 8192 init_vdso_vars+0x112/0x210
10430xffffc2000031f000-0xffffc2000032b000 49152 cramfs_uncompress_init+0x2e ...
1044 /0x80 pages=11 vmalloc N0=3 N1=3 N2=2 N3=3
10450xffffc2000033a000-0xffffc2000033d000 12288 sys_swapon+0x640/0xac0 ...
1046 pages=2 vmalloc N1=2
10470xffffc20000347000-0xffffc2000034c000 20480 xt_alloc_table_info+0xfe ...
1048 /0x130 [x_tables] pages=4 vmalloc N0=4
10490xffffffffa0000000-0xffffffffa000f000 61440 sys_init_module+0xc27/0x1d00 ...
1050 pages=14 vmalloc N2=14
10510xffffffffa000f000-0xffffffffa0014000 20480 sys_init_module+0xc27/0x1d00 ...
1052 pages=4 vmalloc N1=4
10530xffffffffa0014000-0xffffffffa0017000 12288 sys_init_module+0xc27/0x1d00 ...
1054 pages=2 vmalloc N1=2
10550xffffffffa0017000-0xffffffffa0022000 45056 sys_init_module+0xc27/0x1d00 ...
1056 pages=10 vmalloc N0=10
1057
1058..............................................................................
1059
1060softirqs:
1061
1062Provides counts of softirq handlers serviced since boot time, for each cpu.
1063
1064> cat /proc/softirqs
1065 CPU0 CPU1 CPU2 CPU3
1066 HI: 0 0 0 0
1067 TIMER: 27166 27120 27097 27034
1068 NET_TX: 0 0 0 17
1069 NET_RX: 42 0 0 39
1070 BLOCK: 0 0 107 1121
1071 TASKLET: 0 0 0 290
1072 SCHED: 27035 26983 26971 26746
1073 HRTIMER: 0 0 0 0
1074 RCU: 1678 1769 2178 2250
1075
1076
10771.3 IDE devices in /proc/ide
1078----------------------------
1079
1080The subdirectory /proc/ide contains information about all IDE devices of which
1081the kernel is aware. There is one subdirectory for each IDE controller, the
1082file drivers and a link for each IDE device, pointing to the device directory
1083in the controller specific subtree.
1084
1085The file drivers contains general information about the drivers used for the
1086IDE devices:
1087
1088 > cat /proc/ide/drivers
1089 ide-cdrom version 4.53
1090 ide-disk version 1.08
1091
1092More detailed information can be found in the controller specific
1093subdirectories. These are named ide0, ide1 and so on. Each of these
1094directories contains the files shown in table 1-6.
1095
1096
1097Table 1-6: IDE controller info in /proc/ide/ide?
1098..............................................................................
1099 File Content
1100 channel IDE channel (0 or 1)
1101 config Configuration (only for PCI/IDE bridge)
1102 mate Mate name
1103 model Type/Chipset of IDE controller
1104..............................................................................
1105
1106Each device connected to a controller has a separate subdirectory in the
1107controllers directory. The files listed in table 1-7 are contained in these
1108directories.
1109
1110
1111Table 1-7: IDE device information
1112..............................................................................
1113 File Content
1114 cache The cache
1115 capacity Capacity of the medium (in 512Byte blocks)
1116 driver driver and version
1117 geometry physical and logical geometry
1118 identify device identify block
1119 media media type
1120 model device identifier
1121 settings device setup
1122 smart_thresholds IDE disk management thresholds
1123 smart_values IDE disk management values
1124..............................................................................
1125
1126The most interesting file is settings. This file contains a nice overview of
1127the drive parameters:
1128
1129 # cat /proc/ide/ide0/hda/settings
1130 name value min max mode
1131 ---- ----- --- --- ----
1132 bios_cyl 526 0 65535 rw
1133 bios_head 255 0 255 rw
1134 bios_sect 63 0 63 rw
1135 breada_readahead 4 0 127 rw
1136 bswap 0 0 1 r
1137 file_readahead 72 0 2097151 rw
1138 io_32bit 0 0 3 rw
1139 keepsettings 0 0 1 rw
1140 max_kb_per_request 122 1 127 rw
1141 multcount 0 0 8 rw
1142 nice1 1 0 1 rw
1143 nowerr 0 0 1 rw
1144 pio_mode write-only 0 255 w
1145 slow 0 0 1 rw
1146 unmaskirq 0 0 1 rw
1147 using_dma 0 0 1 rw
1148
1149
11501.4 Networking info in /proc/net
1151--------------------------------
1152
1153The subdirectory /proc/net follows the usual pattern. Table 1-8 shows the
1154additional values you get for IP version 6 if you configure the kernel to
1155support this. Table 1-9 lists the files and their meaning.
1156
1157
1158Table 1-8: IPv6 info in /proc/net
1159..............................................................................
1160 File Content
1161 udp6 UDP sockets (IPv6)
1162 tcp6 TCP sockets (IPv6)
1163 raw6 Raw device statistics (IPv6)
1164 igmp6 IP multicast addresses, which this host joined (IPv6)
1165 if_inet6 List of IPv6 interface addresses
1166 ipv6_route Kernel routing table for IPv6
1167 rt6_stats Global IPv6 routing tables statistics
1168 sockstat6 Socket statistics (IPv6)
1169 snmp6 Snmp data (IPv6)
1170..............................................................................
1171
1172
1173Table 1-9: Network info in /proc/net
1174..............................................................................
1175 File Content
1176 arp Kernel ARP table
1177 dev network devices with statistics
1178 dev_mcast the Layer2 multicast groups a device is listening too
1179 (interface index, label, number of references, number of bound
1180 addresses).
1181 dev_stat network device status
1182 ip_fwchains Firewall chain linkage
1183 ip_fwnames Firewall chain names
1184 ip_masq Directory containing the masquerading tables
1185 ip_masquerade Major masquerading table
1186 netstat Network statistics
1187 raw raw device statistics
1188 route Kernel routing table
1189 rpc Directory containing rpc info
1190 rt_cache Routing cache
1191 snmp SNMP data
1192 sockstat Socket statistics
1193 tcp TCP sockets
1194 udp UDP sockets
1195 unix UNIX domain sockets
1196 wireless Wireless interface data (Wavelan etc)
1197 igmp IP multicast addresses, which this host joined
1198 psched Global packet scheduler parameters.
1199 netlink List of PF_NETLINK sockets
1200 ip_mr_vifs List of multicast virtual interfaces
1201 ip_mr_cache List of multicast routing cache
1202..............................................................................
1203
1204You can use this information to see which network devices are available in
1205your system and how much traffic was routed over those devices:
1206
1207 > cat /proc/net/dev
1208 Inter-|Receive |[...
1209 face |bytes packets errs drop fifo frame compressed multicast|[...
1210 lo: 908188 5596 0 0 0 0 0 0 [...
1211 ppp0:15475140 20721 410 0 0 410 0 0 [...
1212 eth0: 614530 7085 0 0 0 0 0 1 [...
1213
1214 ...] Transmit
1215 ...] bytes packets errs drop fifo colls carrier compressed
1216 ...] 908188 5596 0 0 0 0 0 0
1217 ...] 1375103 17405 0 0 0 0 0 0
1218 ...] 1703981 5535 0 0 0 3 0 0
1219
1220In addition, each Channel Bond interface has its own directory. For
1221example, the bond0 device will have a directory called /proc/net/bond0/.
1222It will contain information that is specific to that bond, such as the
1223current slaves of the bond, the link status of the slaves, and how
1224many times the slaves link has failed.
1225
12261.5 SCSI info
1227-------------
1228
1229If you have a SCSI host adapter in your system, you'll find a subdirectory
1230named after the driver for this adapter in /proc/scsi. You'll also see a list
1231of all recognized SCSI devices in /proc/scsi:
1232
1233 >cat /proc/scsi/scsi
1234 Attached devices:
1235 Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00
1236 Vendor: IBM Model: DGHS09U Rev: 03E0
1237 Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 03
1238 Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 06 Lun: 00
1239 Vendor: PIONEER Model: CD-ROM DR-U06S Rev: 1.04
1240 Type: CD-ROM ANSI SCSI revision: 02
1241
1242
1243The directory named after the driver has one file for each adapter found in
1244the system. These files contain information about the controller, including
1245the used IRQ and the IO address range. The amount of information shown is
1246dependent on the adapter you use. The example shows the output for an Adaptec
1247AHA-2940 SCSI adapter:
1248
1249 > cat /proc/scsi/aic7xxx/0
1250
1251 Adaptec AIC7xxx driver version: 5.1.19/3.2.4
1252 Compile Options:
1253 TCQ Enabled By Default : Disabled
1254 AIC7XXX_PROC_STATS : Disabled
1255 AIC7XXX_RESET_DELAY : 5
1256 Adapter Configuration:
1257 SCSI Adapter: Adaptec AHA-294X Ultra SCSI host adapter
1258 Ultra Wide Controller
1259 PCI MMAPed I/O Base: 0xeb001000
1260 Adapter SEEPROM Config: SEEPROM found and used.
1261 Adaptec SCSI BIOS: Enabled
1262 IRQ: 10
1263 SCBs: Active 0, Max Active 2,
1264 Allocated 15, HW 16, Page 255
1265 Interrupts: 160328
1266 BIOS Control Word: 0x18b6
1267 Adapter Control Word: 0x005b
1268 Extended Translation: Enabled
1269 Disconnect Enable Flags: 0xffff
1270 Ultra Enable Flags: 0x0001
1271 Tag Queue Enable Flags: 0x0000
1272 Ordered Queue Tag Flags: 0x0000
1273 Default Tag Queue Depth: 8
1274 Tagged Queue By Device array for aic7xxx host instance 0:
1275 {255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255}
1276 Actual queue depth per device for aic7xxx host instance 0:
1277 {1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}
1278 Statistics:
1279 (scsi0:0:0:0)
1280 Device using Wide/Sync transfers at 40.0 MByte/sec, offset 8
1281 Transinfo settings: current(12/8/1/0), goal(12/8/1/0), user(12/15/1/0)
1282 Total transfers 160151 (74577 reads and 85574 writes)
1283 (scsi0:0:6:0)
1284 Device using Narrow/Sync transfers at 5.0 MByte/sec, offset 15
1285 Transinfo settings: current(50/15/0/0), goal(50/15/0/0), user(50/15/0/0)
1286 Total transfers 0 (0 reads and 0 writes)
1287
1288
12891.6 Parallel port info in /proc/parport
1290---------------------------------------
1291
1292The directory /proc/parport contains information about the parallel ports of
1293your system. It has one subdirectory for each port, named after the port
1294number (0,1,2,...).
1295
1296These directories contain the four files shown in Table 1-10.
1297
1298
1299Table 1-10: Files in /proc/parport
1300..............................................................................
1301 File Content
1302 autoprobe Any IEEE-1284 device ID information that has been acquired.
1303 devices list of the device drivers using that port. A + will appear by the
1304 name of the device currently using the port (it might not appear
1305 against any).
1306 hardware Parallel port's base address, IRQ line and DMA channel.
1307 irq IRQ that parport is using for that port. This is in a separate
1308 file to allow you to alter it by writing a new value in (IRQ
1309 number or none).
1310..............................................................................
1311
13121.7 TTY info in /proc/tty
1313-------------------------
1314
1315Information about the available and actually used tty's can be found in the
1316directory /proc/tty.You'll find entries for drivers and line disciplines in
1317this directory, as shown in Table 1-11.
1318
1319
1320Table 1-11: Files in /proc/tty
1321..............................................................................
1322 File Content
1323 drivers list of drivers and their usage
1324 ldiscs registered line disciplines
1325 driver/serial usage statistic and status of single tty lines
1326..............................................................................
1327
1328To see which tty's are currently in use, you can simply look into the file
1329/proc/tty/drivers:
1330
1331 > cat /proc/tty/drivers
1332 pty_slave /dev/pts 136 0-255 pty:slave
1333 pty_master /dev/ptm 128 0-255 pty:master
1334 pty_slave /dev/ttyp 3 0-255 pty:slave
1335 pty_master /dev/pty 2 0-255 pty:master
1336 serial /dev/cua 5 64-67 serial:callout
1337 serial /dev/ttyS 4 64-67 serial
1338 /dev/tty0 /dev/tty0 4 0 system:vtmaster
1339 /dev/ptmx /dev/ptmx 5 2 system
1340 /dev/console /dev/console 5 1 system:console
1341 /dev/tty /dev/tty 5 0 system:/dev/tty
1342 unknown /dev/tty 4 1-63 console
1343
1344
13451.8 Miscellaneous kernel statistics in /proc/stat
1346-------------------------------------------------
1347
1348Various pieces of information about kernel activity are available in the
1349/proc/stat file. All of the numbers reported in this file are aggregates
1350since the system first booted. For a quick look, simply cat the file:
1351
1352 > cat /proc/stat
1353 cpu 2255 34 2290 22625563 6290 127 456 0 0 0
1354 cpu0 1132 34 1441 11311718 3675 127 438 0 0 0
1355 cpu1 1123 0 849 11313845 2614 0 18 0 0 0
1356 intr 114930548 113199788 3 0 5 263 0 4 [... lots more numbers ...]
1357 ctxt 1990473
1358 btime 1062191376
1359 processes 2915
1360 procs_running 1
1361 procs_blocked 0
1362 softirq 183433 0 21755 12 39 1137 231 21459 2263
1363
1364The very first "cpu" line aggregates the numbers in all of the other "cpuN"
1365lines. These numbers identify the amount of time the CPU has spent performing
1366different kinds of work. Time units are in USER_HZ (typically hundredths of a
1367second). The meanings of the columns are as follows, from left to right:
1368
1369- user: normal processes executing in user mode
1370- nice: niced processes executing in user mode
1371- system: processes executing in kernel mode
1372- idle: twiddling thumbs
1373- iowait: In a word, iowait stands for waiting for I/O to complete. But there
1374 are several problems:
1375 1. Cpu will not wait for I/O to complete, iowait is the time that a task is
1376 waiting for I/O to complete. When cpu goes into idle state for
1377 outstanding task io, another task will be scheduled on this CPU.
1378 2. In a multi-core CPU, the task waiting for I/O to complete is not running
1379 on any CPU, so the iowait of each CPU is difficult to calculate.
1380 3. The value of iowait field in /proc/stat will decrease in certain
1381 conditions.
1382 So, the iowait is not reliable by reading from /proc/stat.
1383- irq: servicing interrupts
1384- softirq: servicing softirqs
1385- steal: involuntary wait
1386- guest: running a normal guest
1387- guest_nice: running a niced guest
1388
1389The "intr" line gives counts of interrupts serviced since boot time, for each
1390of the possible system interrupts. The first column is the total of all
1391interrupts serviced including unnumbered architecture specific interrupts;
1392each subsequent column is the total for that particular numbered interrupt.
1393Unnumbered interrupts are not shown, only summed into the total.
1394
1395The "ctxt" line gives the total number of context switches across all CPUs.
1396
1397The "btime" line gives the time at which the system booted, in seconds since
1398the Unix epoch.
1399
1400The "processes" line gives the number of processes and threads created, which
1401includes (but is not limited to) those created by calls to the fork() and
1402clone() system calls.
1403
1404The "procs_running" line gives the total number of threads that are
1405running or ready to run (i.e., the total number of runnable threads).
1406
1407The "procs_blocked" line gives the number of processes currently blocked,
1408waiting for I/O to complete.
1409
1410The "softirq" line gives counts of softirqs serviced since boot time, for each
1411of the possible system softirqs. The first column is the total of all
1412softirqs serviced; each subsequent column is the total for that particular
1413softirq.
1414
1415
14161.9 Ext4 file system parameters
1417-------------------------------
1418
1419Information about mounted ext4 file systems can be found in
1420/proc/fs/ext4. Each mounted filesystem will have a directory in
1421/proc/fs/ext4 based on its device name (i.e., /proc/fs/ext4/hdc or
1422/proc/fs/ext4/dm-0). The files in each per-device directory are shown
1423in Table 1-12, below.
1424
1425Table 1-12: Files in /proc/fs/ext4/<devname>
1426..............................................................................
1427 File Content
1428 mb_groups details of multiblock allocator buddy cache of free blocks
1429..............................................................................
1430
14312.0 /proc/consoles
1432------------------
1433Shows registered system console lines.
1434
1435To see which character device lines are currently used for the system console
1436/dev/console, you may simply look into the file /proc/consoles:
1437
1438 > cat /proc/consoles
1439 tty0 -WU (ECp) 4:7
1440 ttyS0 -W- (Ep) 4:64
1441
1442The columns are:
1443
1444 device name of the device
1445 operations R = can do read operations
1446 W = can do write operations
1447 U = can do unblank
1448 flags E = it is enabled
1449 C = it is preferred console
1450 B = it is primary boot console
1451 p = it is used for printk buffer
1452 b = it is not a TTY but a Braille device
1453 a = it is safe to use when cpu is offline
1454 major:minor major and minor number of the device separated by a colon
1455
1456------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1457Summary
1458------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1459The /proc file system serves information about the running system. It not only
1460allows access to process data but also allows you to request the kernel status
1461by reading files in the hierarchy.
1462
1463The directory structure of /proc reflects the types of information and makes
1464it easy, if not obvious, where to look for specific data.
1465------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1466
1467------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1468CHAPTER 2: MODIFYING SYSTEM PARAMETERS
1469------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1470
1471------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1472In This Chapter
1473------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1474* Modifying kernel parameters by writing into files found in /proc/sys
1475* Exploring the files which modify certain parameters
1476* Review of the /proc/sys file tree
1477------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1478
1479
1480A very interesting part of /proc is the directory /proc/sys. This is not only
1481a source of information, it also allows you to change parameters within the
1482kernel. Be very careful when attempting this. You can optimize your system,
1483but you can also cause it to crash. Never alter kernel parameters on a
1484production system. Set up a development machine and test to make sure that
1485everything works the way you want it to. You may have no alternative but to
1486reboot the machine once an error has been made.
1487
1488To change a value, simply echo the new value into the file. An example is
1489given below in the section on the file system data. You need to be root to do
1490this. You can create your own boot script to perform this every time your
1491system boots.
1492
1493The files in /proc/sys can be used to fine tune and monitor miscellaneous and
1494general things in the operation of the Linux kernel. Since some of the files
1495can inadvertently disrupt your system, it is advisable to read both
1496documentation and source before actually making adjustments. In any case, be
1497very careful when writing to any of these files. The entries in /proc may
1498change slightly between the 2.1.* and the 2.2 kernel, so if there is any doubt
1499review the kernel documentation in the directory /usr/src/linux/Documentation.
1500This chapter is heavily based on the documentation included in the pre 2.2
1501kernels, and became part of it in version 2.2.1 of the Linux kernel.
1502
1503Please see: Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/ directory for descriptions of these
1504entries.
1505
1506------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1507Summary
1508------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1509Certain aspects of kernel behavior can be modified at runtime, without the
1510need to recompile the kernel, or even to reboot the system. The files in the
1511/proc/sys tree can not only be read, but also modified. You can use the echo
1512command to write value into these files, thereby changing the default settings
1513of the kernel.
1514------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1515
1516------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1517CHAPTER 3: PER-PROCESS PARAMETERS
1518------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1519
15203.1 /proc/<pid>/oom_adj & /proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj- Adjust the oom-killer score
1521--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1522
1523These file can be used to adjust the badness heuristic used to select which
1524process gets killed in out of memory conditions.
1525
1526The badness heuristic assigns a value to each candidate task ranging from 0
1527(never kill) to 1000 (always kill) to determine which process is targeted. The
1528units are roughly a proportion along that range of allowed memory the process
1529may allocate from based on an estimation of its current memory and swap use.
1530For example, if a task is using all allowed memory, its badness score will be
15311000. If it is using half of its allowed memory, its score will be 500.
1532
1533There is an additional factor included in the badness score: the current memory
1534and swap usage is discounted by 3% for root processes.
1535
1536The amount of "allowed" memory depends on the context in which the oom killer
1537was called. If it is due to the memory assigned to the allocating task's cpuset
1538being exhausted, the allowed memory represents the set of mems assigned to that
1539cpuset. If it is due to a mempolicy's node(s) being exhausted, the allowed
1540memory represents the set of mempolicy nodes. If it is due to a memory
1541limit (or swap limit) being reached, the allowed memory is that configured
1542limit. Finally, if it is due to the entire system being out of memory, the
1543allowed memory represents all allocatable resources.
1544
1545The value of /proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj is added to the badness score before it
1546is used to determine which task to kill. Acceptable values range from -1000
1547(OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MIN) to +1000 (OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX). This allows userspace to
1548polarize the preference for oom killing either by always preferring a certain
1549task or completely disabling it. The lowest possible value, -1000, is
1550equivalent to disabling oom killing entirely for that task since it will always
1551report a badness score of 0.
1552
1553Consequently, it is very simple for userspace to define the amount of memory to
1554consider for each task. Setting a /proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj value of +500, for
1555example, is roughly equivalent to allowing the remainder of tasks sharing the
1556same system, cpuset, mempolicy, or memory controller resources to use at least
155750% more memory. A value of -500, on the other hand, would be roughly
1558equivalent to discounting 50% of the task's allowed memory from being considered
1559as scoring against the task.
1560
1561For backwards compatibility with previous kernels, /proc/<pid>/oom_adj may also
1562be used to tune the badness score. Its acceptable values range from -16
1563(OOM_ADJUST_MIN) to +15 (OOM_ADJUST_MAX) and a special value of -17
1564(OOM_DISABLE) to disable oom killing entirely for that task. Its value is
1565scaled linearly with /proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj.
1566
1567The value of /proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj may be reduced no lower than the last
1568value set by a CAP_SYS_RESOURCE process. To reduce the value any lower
1569requires CAP_SYS_RESOURCE.
1570
1571Caveat: when a parent task is selected, the oom killer will sacrifice any first
1572generation children with separate address spaces instead, if possible. This
1573avoids servers and important system daemons from being killed and loses the
1574minimal amount of work.
1575
1576
15773.2 /proc/<pid>/oom_score - Display current oom-killer score
1578-------------------------------------------------------------
1579
1580This file can be used to check the current score used by the oom-killer is for
1581any given <pid>. Use it together with /proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj to tune which
1582process should be killed in an out-of-memory situation.
1583
1584
15853.3 /proc/<pid>/io - Display the IO accounting fields
1586-------------------------------------------------------
1587
1588This file contains IO statistics for each running process
1589
1590Example
1591-------
1592
1593test:/tmp # dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/test.dat &
1594[1] 3828
1595
1596test:/tmp # cat /proc/3828/io
1597rchar: 323934931
1598wchar: 323929600
1599syscr: 632687
1600syscw: 632675
1601read_bytes: 0
1602write_bytes: 323932160
1603cancelled_write_bytes: 0
1604
1605
1606Description
1607-----------
1608
1609rchar
1610-----
1611
1612I/O counter: chars read
1613The number of bytes which this task has caused to be read from storage. This
1614is simply the sum of bytes which this process passed to read() and pread().
1615It includes things like tty IO and it is unaffected by whether or not actual
1616physical disk IO was required (the read might have been satisfied from
1617pagecache)
1618
1619
1620wchar
1621-----
1622
1623I/O counter: chars written
1624The number of bytes which this task has caused, or shall cause to be written
1625to disk. Similar caveats apply here as with rchar.
1626
1627
1628syscr
1629-----
1630
1631I/O counter: read syscalls
1632Attempt to count the number of read I/O operations, i.e. syscalls like read()
1633and pread().
1634
1635
1636syscw
1637-----
1638
1639I/O counter: write syscalls
1640Attempt to count the number of write I/O operations, i.e. syscalls like
1641write() and pwrite().
1642
1643
1644read_bytes
1645----------
1646
1647I/O counter: bytes read
1648Attempt to count the number of bytes which this process really did cause to
1649be fetched from the storage layer. Done at the submit_bio() level, so it is
1650accurate for block-backed filesystems. <please add status regarding NFS and
1651CIFS at a later time>
1652
1653
1654write_bytes
1655-----------
1656
1657I/O counter: bytes written
1658Attempt to count the number of bytes which this process caused to be sent to
1659the storage layer. This is done at page-dirtying time.
1660
1661
1662cancelled_write_bytes
1663---------------------
1664
1665The big inaccuracy here is truncate. If a process writes 1MB to a file and
1666then deletes the file, it will in fact perform no writeout. But it will have
1667been accounted as having caused 1MB of write.
1668In other words: The number of bytes which this process caused to not happen,
1669by truncating pagecache. A task can cause "negative" IO too. If this task
1670truncates some dirty pagecache, some IO which another task has been accounted
1671for (in its write_bytes) will not be happening. We _could_ just subtract that
1672from the truncating task's write_bytes, but there is information loss in doing
1673that.
1674
1675
1676Note
1677----
1678
1679At its current implementation state, this is a bit racy on 32-bit machines: if
1680process A reads process B's /proc/pid/io while process B is updating one of
1681those 64-bit counters, process A could see an intermediate result.
1682
1683
1684More information about this can be found within the taskstats documentation in
1685Documentation/accounting.
1686
16873.4 /proc/<pid>/coredump_filter - Core dump filtering settings
1688---------------------------------------------------------------
1689When a process is dumped, all anonymous memory is written to a core file as
1690long as the size of the core file isn't limited. But sometimes we don't want
1691to dump some memory segments, for example, huge shared memory or DAX.
1692Conversely, sometimes we want to save file-backed memory segments into a core
1693file, not only the individual files.
1694
1695/proc/<pid>/coredump_filter allows you to customize which memory segments
1696will be dumped when the <pid> process is dumped. coredump_filter is a bitmask
1697of memory types. If a bit of the bitmask is set, memory segments of the
1698corresponding memory type are dumped, otherwise they are not dumped.
1699
1700The following 9 memory types are supported:
1701 - (bit 0) anonymous private memory
1702 - (bit 1) anonymous shared memory
1703 - (bit 2) file-backed private memory
1704 - (bit 3) file-backed shared memory
1705 - (bit 4) ELF header pages in file-backed private memory areas (it is
1706 effective only if the bit 2 is cleared)
1707 - (bit 5) hugetlb private memory
1708 - (bit 6) hugetlb shared memory
1709 - (bit 7) DAX private memory
1710 - (bit 8) DAX shared memory
1711
1712 Note that MMIO pages such as frame buffer are never dumped and vDSO pages
1713 are always dumped regardless of the bitmask status.
1714
1715 Note that bits 0-4 don't affect hugetlb or DAX memory. hugetlb memory is
1716 only affected by bit 5-6, and DAX is only affected by bits 7-8.
1717
1718The default value of coredump_filter is 0x33; this means all anonymous memory
1719segments, ELF header pages and hugetlb private memory are dumped.
1720
1721If you don't want to dump all shared memory segments attached to pid 1234,
1722write 0x31 to the process's proc file.
1723
1724 $ echo 0x31 > /proc/1234/coredump_filter
1725
1726When a new process is created, the process inherits the bitmask status from its
1727parent. It is useful to set up coredump_filter before the program runs.
1728For example:
1729
1730 $ echo 0x7 > /proc/self/coredump_filter
1731 $ ./some_program
1732
17333.5 /proc/<pid>/mountinfo - Information about mounts
1734--------------------------------------------------------
1735
1736This file contains lines of the form:
1737
173836 35 98:0 /mnt1 /mnt2 rw,noatime master:1 - ext3 /dev/root rw,errors=continue
1739(1)(2)(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
1740
1741(1) mount ID: unique identifier of the mount (may be reused after umount)
1742(2) parent ID: ID of parent (or of self for the top of the mount tree)
1743(3) major:minor: value of st_dev for files on filesystem
1744(4) root: root of the mount within the filesystem
1745(5) mount point: mount point relative to the process's root
1746(6) mount options: per mount options
1747(7) optional fields: zero or more fields of the form "tag[:value]"
1748(8) separator: marks the end of the optional fields
1749(9) filesystem type: name of filesystem of the form "type[.subtype]"
1750(10) mount source: filesystem specific information or "none"
1751(11) super options: per super block options
1752
1753Parsers should ignore all unrecognised optional fields. Currently the
1754possible optional fields are:
1755
1756shared:X mount is shared in peer group X
1757master:X mount is slave to peer group X
1758propagate_from:X mount is slave and receives propagation from peer group X (*)
1759unbindable mount is unbindable
1760
1761(*) X is the closest dominant peer group under the process's root. If
1762X is the immediate master of the mount, or if there's no dominant peer
1763group under the same root, then only the "master:X" field is present
1764and not the "propagate_from:X" field.
1765
1766For more information on mount propagation see:
1767
1768 Documentation/filesystems/sharedsubtree.txt
1769
1770
17713.6 /proc/<pid>/comm & /proc/<pid>/task/<tid>/comm
1772--------------------------------------------------------
1773These files provide a method to access a tasks comm value. It also allows for
1774a task to set its own or one of its thread siblings comm value. The comm value
1775is limited in size compared to the cmdline value, so writing anything longer
1776then the kernel's TASK_COMM_LEN (currently 16 chars) will result in a truncated
1777comm value.
1778
1779
17803.7 /proc/<pid>/task/<tid>/children - Information about task children
1781-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1782This file provides a fast way to retrieve first level children pids
1783of a task pointed by <pid>/<tid> pair. The format is a space separated
1784stream of pids.
1785
1786Note the "first level" here -- if a child has own children they will
1787not be listed here, one needs to read /proc/<children-pid>/task/<tid>/children
1788to obtain the descendants.
1789
1790Since this interface is intended to be fast and cheap it doesn't
1791guarantee to provide precise results and some children might be
1792skipped, especially if they've exited right after we printed their
1793pids, so one need to either stop or freeze processes being inspected
1794if precise results are needed.
1795
1796
17973.8 /proc/<pid>/fdinfo/<fd> - Information about opened file
1798---------------------------------------------------------------
1799This file provides information associated with an opened file. The regular
1800files have at least three fields -- 'pos', 'flags' and mnt_id. The 'pos'
1801represents the current offset of the opened file in decimal form [see lseek(2)
1802for details], 'flags' denotes the octal O_xxx mask the file has been
1803created with [see open(2) for details] and 'mnt_id' represents mount ID of
1804the file system containing the opened file [see 3.5 /proc/<pid>/mountinfo
1805for details].
1806
1807A typical output is
1808
1809 pos: 0
1810 flags: 0100002
1811 mnt_id: 19
1812
1813All locks associated with a file descriptor are shown in its fdinfo too.
1814
1815lock: 1: FLOCK ADVISORY WRITE 359 00:13:11691 0 EOF
1816
1817The files such as eventfd, fsnotify, signalfd, epoll among the regular pos/flags
1818pair provide additional information particular to the objects they represent.
1819
1820 Eventfd files
1821 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1822 pos: 0
1823 flags: 04002
1824 mnt_id: 9
1825 eventfd-count: 5a
1826
1827 where 'eventfd-count' is hex value of a counter.
1828
1829 Signalfd files
1830 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1831 pos: 0
1832 flags: 04002
1833 mnt_id: 9
1834 sigmask: 0000000000000200
1835
1836 where 'sigmask' is hex value of the signal mask associated
1837 with a file.
1838
1839 Epoll files
1840 ~~~~~~~~~~~
1841 pos: 0
1842 flags: 02
1843 mnt_id: 9
1844 tfd: 5 events: 1d data: ffffffffffffffff pos:0 ino:61af sdev:7
1845
1846 where 'tfd' is a target file descriptor number in decimal form,
1847 'events' is events mask being watched and the 'data' is data
1848 associated with a target [see epoll(7) for more details].
1849
1850 The 'pos' is current offset of the target file in decimal form
1851 [see lseek(2)], 'ino' and 'sdev' are inode and device numbers
1852 where target file resides, all in hex format.
1853
1854 Fsnotify files
1855 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1856 For inotify files the format is the following
1857
1858 pos: 0
1859 flags: 02000000
1860 inotify wd:3 ino:9e7e sdev:800013 mask:800afce ignored_mask:0 fhandle-bytes:8 fhandle-type:1 f_handle:7e9e0000640d1b6d
1861
1862 where 'wd' is a watch descriptor in decimal form, ie a target file
1863 descriptor number, 'ino' and 'sdev' are inode and device where the
1864 target file resides and the 'mask' is the mask of events, all in hex
1865 form [see inotify(7) for more details].
1866
1867 If the kernel was built with exportfs support, the path to the target
1868 file is encoded as a file handle. The file handle is provided by three
1869 fields 'fhandle-bytes', 'fhandle-type' and 'f_handle', all in hex
1870 format.
1871
1872 If the kernel is built without exportfs support the file handle won't be
1873 printed out.
1874
1875 If there is no inotify mark attached yet the 'inotify' line will be omitted.
1876
1877 For fanotify files the format is
1878
1879 pos: 0
1880 flags: 02
1881 mnt_id: 9
1882 fanotify flags:10 event-flags:0
1883 fanotify mnt_id:12 mflags:40 mask:38 ignored_mask:40000003
1884 fanotify ino:4f969 sdev:800013 mflags:0 mask:3b ignored_mask:40000000 fhandle-bytes:8 fhandle-type:1 f_handle:69f90400c275b5b4
1885
1886 where fanotify 'flags' and 'event-flags' are values used in fanotify_init
1887 call, 'mnt_id' is the mount point identifier, 'mflags' is the value of
1888 flags associated with mark which are tracked separately from events
1889 mask. 'ino', 'sdev' are target inode and device, 'mask' is the events
1890 mask and 'ignored_mask' is the mask of events which are to be ignored.
1891 All in hex format. Incorporation of 'mflags', 'mask' and 'ignored_mask'
1892 does provide information about flags and mask used in fanotify_mark
1893 call [see fsnotify manpage for details].
1894
1895 While the first three lines are mandatory and always printed, the rest is
1896 optional and may be omitted if no marks created yet.
1897
1898 Timerfd files
1899 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1900
1901 pos: 0
1902 flags: 02
1903 mnt_id: 9
1904 clockid: 0
1905 ticks: 0
1906 settime flags: 01
1907 it_value: (0, 49406829)
1908 it_interval: (1, 0)
1909
1910 where 'clockid' is the clock type and 'ticks' is the number of the timer expirations
1911 that have occurred [see timerfd_create(2) for details]. 'settime flags' are
1912 flags in octal form been used to setup the timer [see timerfd_settime(2) for
1913 details]. 'it_value' is remaining time until the timer exiration.
1914 'it_interval' is the interval for the timer. Note the timer might be set up
1915 with TIMER_ABSTIME option which will be shown in 'settime flags', but 'it_value'
1916 still exhibits timer's remaining time.
1917
19183.9 /proc/<pid>/map_files - Information about memory mapped files
1919---------------------------------------------------------------------
1920This directory contains symbolic links which represent memory mapped files
1921the process is maintaining. Example output:
1922
1923 | lr-------- 1 root root 64 Jan 27 11:24 333c600000-333c620000 -> /usr/lib64/ld-2.18.so
1924 | lr-------- 1 root root 64 Jan 27 11:24 333c81f000-333c820000 -> /usr/lib64/ld-2.18.so
1925 | lr-------- 1 root root 64 Jan 27 11:24 333c820000-333c821000 -> /usr/lib64/ld-2.18.so
1926 | ...
1927 | lr-------- 1 root root 64 Jan 27 11:24 35d0421000-35d0422000 -> /usr/lib64/libselinux.so.1
1928 | lr-------- 1 root root 64 Jan 27 11:24 400000-41a000 -> /usr/bin/ls
1929
1930The name of a link represents the virtual memory bounds of a mapping, i.e.
1931vm_area_struct::vm_start-vm_area_struct::vm_end.
1932
1933The main purpose of the map_files is to retrieve a set of memory mapped
1934files in a fast way instead of parsing /proc/<pid>/maps or
1935/proc/<pid>/smaps, both of which contain many more records. At the same
1936time one can open(2) mappings from the listings of two processes and
1937comparing their inode numbers to figure out which anonymous memory areas
1938are actually shared.
1939
19403.10 /proc/<pid>/timerslack_ns - Task timerslack value
1941---------------------------------------------------------
1942This file provides the value of the task's timerslack value in nanoseconds.
1943This value specifies a amount of time that normal timers may be deferred
1944in order to coalesce timers and avoid unnecessary wakeups.
1945
1946This allows a task's interactivity vs power consumption trade off to be
1947adjusted.
1948
1949Writing 0 to the file will set the tasks timerslack to the default value.
1950
1951Valid values are from 0 - ULLONG_MAX
1952
1953An application setting the value must have PTRACE_MODE_ATTACH_FSCREDS level
1954permissions on the task specified to change its timerslack_ns value.
1955
19563.11 /proc/<pid>/patch_state - Livepatch patch operation state
1957-----------------------------------------------------------------
1958When CONFIG_LIVEPATCH is enabled, this file displays the value of the
1959patch state for the task.
1960
1961A value of '-1' indicates that no patch is in transition.
1962
1963A value of '0' indicates that a patch is in transition and the task is
1964unpatched. If the patch is being enabled, then the task hasn't been
1965patched yet. If the patch is being disabled, then the task has already
1966been unpatched.
1967
1968A value of '1' indicates that a patch is in transition and the task is
1969patched. If the patch is being enabled, then the task has already been
1970patched. If the patch is being disabled, then the task hasn't been
1971unpatched yet.
1972
19733.12 /proc/<pid>/arch_status - task architecture specific status
1974-------------------------------------------------------------------
1975When CONFIG_PROC_PID_ARCH_STATUS is enabled, this file displays the
1976architecture specific status of the task.
1977
1978Example
1979-------
1980 $ cat /proc/6753/arch_status
1981 AVX512_elapsed_ms: 8
1982
1983Description
1984-----------
1985
1986x86 specific entries:
1987---------------------
1988 AVX512_elapsed_ms:
1989 ------------------
1990 If AVX512 is supported on the machine, this entry shows the milliseconds
1991 elapsed since the last time AVX512 usage was recorded. The recording
1992 happens on a best effort basis when a task is scheduled out. This means
1993 that the value depends on two factors:
1994
1995 1) The time which the task spent on the CPU without being scheduled
1996 out. With CPU isolation and a single runnable task this can take
1997 several seconds.
1998
1999 2) The time since the task was scheduled out last. Depending on the
2000 reason for being scheduled out (time slice exhausted, syscall ...)
2001 this can be arbitrary long time.
2002
2003 As a consequence the value cannot be considered precise and authoritative
2004 information. The application which uses this information has to be aware
2005 of the overall scenario on the system in order to determine whether a
2006 task is a real AVX512 user or not. Precise information can be obtained
2007 with performance counters.
2008
2009 A special value of '-1' indicates that no AVX512 usage was recorded, thus
2010 the task is unlikely an AVX512 user, but depends on the workload and the
2011 scheduling scenario, it also could be a false negative mentioned above.
2012
2013------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2014Configuring procfs
2015------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2016
20174.1 Mount options
2018---------------------
2019
2020The following mount options are supported:
2021
2022 hidepid= Set /proc/<pid>/ access mode.
2023 gid= Set the group authorized to learn processes information.
2024
2025hidepid=0 means classic mode - everybody may access all /proc/<pid>/ directories
2026(default).
2027
2028hidepid=1 means users may not access any /proc/<pid>/ directories but their
2029own. Sensitive files like cmdline, sched*, status are now protected against
2030other users. This makes it impossible to learn whether any user runs
2031specific program (given the program doesn't reveal itself by its behaviour).
2032As an additional bonus, as /proc/<pid>/cmdline is unaccessible for other users,
2033poorly written programs passing sensitive information via program arguments are
2034now protected against local eavesdroppers.
2035
2036hidepid=2 means hidepid=1 plus all /proc/<pid>/ will be fully invisible to other
2037users. It doesn't mean that it hides a fact whether a process with a specific
2038pid value exists (it can be learned by other means, e.g. by "kill -0 $PID"),
2039but it hides process' uid and gid, which may be learned by stat()'ing
2040/proc/<pid>/ otherwise. It greatly complicates an intruder's task of gathering
2041information about running processes, whether some daemon runs with elevated
2042privileges, whether other user runs some sensitive program, whether other users
2043run any program at all, etc.
2044
2045gid= defines a group authorized to learn processes information otherwise
2046prohibited by hidepid=. If you use some daemon like identd which needs to learn
2047information about processes information, just add identd to this group.
1------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 T H E /proc F I L E S Y S T E M
3------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4/proc/sys Terrehon Bowden <terrehon@pacbell.net> October 7 1999
5 Bodo Bauer <bb@ricochet.net>
6
72.4.x update Jorge Nerin <comandante@zaralinux.com> November 14 2000
8move /proc/sys Shen Feng <shen@cn.fujitsu.com> April 1 2009
9------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10Version 1.3 Kernel version 2.2.12
11 Kernel version 2.4.0-test11-pre4
12------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13fixes/update part 1.1 Stefani Seibold <stefani@seibold.net> June 9 2009
14
15Table of Contents
16-----------------
17
18 0 Preface
19 0.1 Introduction/Credits
20 0.2 Legal Stuff
21
22 1 Collecting System Information
23 1.1 Process-Specific Subdirectories
24 1.2 Kernel data
25 1.3 IDE devices in /proc/ide
26 1.4 Networking info in /proc/net
27 1.5 SCSI info
28 1.6 Parallel port info in /proc/parport
29 1.7 TTY info in /proc/tty
30 1.8 Miscellaneous kernel statistics in /proc/stat
31 1.9 Ext4 file system parameters
32
33 2 Modifying System Parameters
34
35 3 Per-Process Parameters
36 3.1 /proc/<pid>/oom_adj & /proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj - Adjust the oom-killer
37 score
38 3.2 /proc/<pid>/oom_score - Display current oom-killer score
39 3.3 /proc/<pid>/io - Display the IO accounting fields
40 3.4 /proc/<pid>/coredump_filter - Core dump filtering settings
41 3.5 /proc/<pid>/mountinfo - Information about mounts
42 3.6 /proc/<pid>/comm & /proc/<pid>/task/<tid>/comm
43
44
45------------------------------------------------------------------------------
46Preface
47------------------------------------------------------------------------------
48
490.1 Introduction/Credits
50------------------------
51
52This documentation is part of a soon (or so we hope) to be released book on
53the SuSE Linux distribution. As there is no complete documentation for the
54/proc file system and we've used many freely available sources to write these
55chapters, it seems only fair to give the work back to the Linux community.
56This work is based on the 2.2.* kernel version and the upcoming 2.4.*. I'm
57afraid it's still far from complete, but we hope it will be useful. As far as
58we know, it is the first 'all-in-one' document about the /proc file system. It
59is focused on the Intel x86 hardware, so if you are looking for PPC, ARM,
60SPARC, AXP, etc., features, you probably won't find what you are looking for.
61It also only covers IPv4 networking, not IPv6 nor other protocols - sorry. But
62additions and patches are welcome and will be added to this document if you
63mail them to Bodo.
64
65We'd like to thank Alan Cox, Rik van Riel, and Alexey Kuznetsov and a lot of
66other people for help compiling this documentation. We'd also like to extend a
67special thank you to Andi Kleen for documentation, which we relied on heavily
68to create this document, as well as the additional information he provided.
69Thanks to everybody else who contributed source or docs to the Linux kernel
70and helped create a great piece of software... :)
71
72If you have any comments, corrections or additions, please don't hesitate to
73contact Bodo Bauer at bb@ricochet.net. We'll be happy to add them to this
74document.
75
76The latest version of this document is available online at
77http://tldp.org/LDP/Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy/html/proc.html
78
79If the above direction does not works for you, you could try the kernel
80mailing list at linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org and/or try to reach me at
81comandante@zaralinux.com.
82
830.2 Legal Stuff
84---------------
85
86We don't guarantee the correctness of this document, and if you come to us
87complaining about how you screwed up your system because of incorrect
88documentation, we won't feel responsible...
89
90------------------------------------------------------------------------------
91CHAPTER 1: COLLECTING SYSTEM INFORMATION
92------------------------------------------------------------------------------
93
94------------------------------------------------------------------------------
95In This Chapter
96------------------------------------------------------------------------------
97* Investigating the properties of the pseudo file system /proc and its
98 ability to provide information on the running Linux system
99* Examining /proc's structure
100* Uncovering various information about the kernel and the processes running
101 on the system
102------------------------------------------------------------------------------
103
104
105The proc file system acts as an interface to internal data structures in the
106kernel. It can be used to obtain information about the system and to change
107certain kernel parameters at runtime (sysctl).
108
109First, we'll take a look at the read-only parts of /proc. In Chapter 2, we
110show you how you can use /proc/sys to change settings.
111
1121.1 Process-Specific Subdirectories
113-----------------------------------
114
115The directory /proc contains (among other things) one subdirectory for each
116process running on the system, which is named after the process ID (PID).
117
118The link self points to the process reading the file system. Each process
119subdirectory has the entries listed in Table 1-1.
120
121
122Table 1-1: Process specific entries in /proc
123..............................................................................
124 File Content
125 clear_refs Clears page referenced bits shown in smaps output
126 cmdline Command line arguments
127 cpu Current and last cpu in which it was executed (2.4)(smp)
128 cwd Link to the current working directory
129 environ Values of environment variables
130 exe Link to the executable of this process
131 fd Directory, which contains all file descriptors
132 maps Memory maps to executables and library files (2.4)
133 mem Memory held by this process
134 root Link to the root directory of this process
135 stat Process status
136 statm Process memory status information
137 status Process status in human readable form
138 wchan If CONFIG_KALLSYMS is set, a pre-decoded wchan
139 pagemap Page table
140 stack Report full stack trace, enable via CONFIG_STACKTRACE
141 smaps a extension based on maps, showing the memory consumption of
142 each mapping
143..............................................................................
144
145For example, to get the status information of a process, all you have to do is
146read the file /proc/PID/status:
147
148 >cat /proc/self/status
149 Name: cat
150 State: R (running)
151 Tgid: 5452
152 Pid: 5452
153 PPid: 743
154 TracerPid: 0 (2.4)
155 Uid: 501 501 501 501
156 Gid: 100 100 100 100
157 FDSize: 256
158 Groups: 100 14 16
159 VmPeak: 5004 kB
160 VmSize: 5004 kB
161 VmLck: 0 kB
162 VmHWM: 476 kB
163 VmRSS: 476 kB
164 VmData: 156 kB
165 VmStk: 88 kB
166 VmExe: 68 kB
167 VmLib: 1412 kB
168 VmPTE: 20 kb
169 VmSwap: 0 kB
170 Threads: 1
171 SigQ: 0/28578
172 SigPnd: 0000000000000000
173 ShdPnd: 0000000000000000
174 SigBlk: 0000000000000000
175 SigIgn: 0000000000000000
176 SigCgt: 0000000000000000
177 CapInh: 00000000fffffeff
178 CapPrm: 0000000000000000
179 CapEff: 0000000000000000
180 CapBnd: ffffffffffffffff
181 voluntary_ctxt_switches: 0
182 nonvoluntary_ctxt_switches: 1
183
184This shows you nearly the same information you would get if you viewed it with
185the ps command. In fact, ps uses the proc file system to obtain its
186information. But you get a more detailed view of the process by reading the
187file /proc/PID/status. It fields are described in table 1-2.
188
189The statm file contains more detailed information about the process
190memory usage. Its seven fields are explained in Table 1-3. The stat file
191contains details information about the process itself. Its fields are
192explained in Table 1-4.
193
194(for SMP CONFIG users)
195For making accounting scalable, RSS related information are handled in
196asynchronous manner and the vaule may not be very precise. To see a precise
197snapshot of a moment, you can see /proc/<pid>/smaps file and scan page table.
198It's slow but very precise.
199
200Table 1-2: Contents of the status files (as of 2.6.30-rc7)
201..............................................................................
202 Field Content
203 Name filename of the executable
204 State state (R is running, S is sleeping, D is sleeping
205 in an uninterruptible wait, Z is zombie,
206 T is traced or stopped)
207 Tgid thread group ID
208 Pid process id
209 PPid process id of the parent process
210 TracerPid PID of process tracing this process (0 if not)
211 Uid Real, effective, saved set, and file system UIDs
212 Gid Real, effective, saved set, and file system GIDs
213 FDSize number of file descriptor slots currently allocated
214 Groups supplementary group list
215 VmPeak peak virtual memory size
216 VmSize total program size
217 VmLck locked memory size
218 VmHWM peak resident set size ("high water mark")
219 VmRSS size of memory portions
220 VmData size of data, stack, and text segments
221 VmStk size of data, stack, and text segments
222 VmExe size of text segment
223 VmLib size of shared library code
224 VmPTE size of page table entries
225 VmSwap size of swap usage (the number of referred swapents)
226 Threads number of threads
227 SigQ number of signals queued/max. number for queue
228 SigPnd bitmap of pending signals for the thread
229 ShdPnd bitmap of shared pending signals for the process
230 SigBlk bitmap of blocked signals
231 SigIgn bitmap of ignored signals
232 SigCgt bitmap of catched signals
233 CapInh bitmap of inheritable capabilities
234 CapPrm bitmap of permitted capabilities
235 CapEff bitmap of effective capabilities
236 CapBnd bitmap of capabilities bounding set
237 Cpus_allowed mask of CPUs on which this process may run
238 Cpus_allowed_list Same as previous, but in "list format"
239 Mems_allowed mask of memory nodes allowed to this process
240 Mems_allowed_list Same as previous, but in "list format"
241 voluntary_ctxt_switches number of voluntary context switches
242 nonvoluntary_ctxt_switches number of non voluntary context switches
243..............................................................................
244
245Table 1-3: Contents of the statm files (as of 2.6.8-rc3)
246..............................................................................
247 Field Content
248 size total program size (pages) (same as VmSize in status)
249 resident size of memory portions (pages) (same as VmRSS in status)
250 shared number of pages that are shared (i.e. backed by a file)
251 trs number of pages that are 'code' (not including libs; broken,
252 includes data segment)
253 lrs number of pages of library (always 0 on 2.6)
254 drs number of pages of data/stack (including libs; broken,
255 includes library text)
256 dt number of dirty pages (always 0 on 2.6)
257..............................................................................
258
259
260Table 1-4: Contents of the stat files (as of 2.6.30-rc7)
261..............................................................................
262 Field Content
263 pid process id
264 tcomm filename of the executable
265 state state (R is running, S is sleeping, D is sleeping in an
266 uninterruptible wait, Z is zombie, T is traced or stopped)
267 ppid process id of the parent process
268 pgrp pgrp of the process
269 sid session id
270 tty_nr tty the process uses
271 tty_pgrp pgrp of the tty
272 flags task flags
273 min_flt number of minor faults
274 cmin_flt number of minor faults with child's
275 maj_flt number of major faults
276 cmaj_flt number of major faults with child's
277 utime user mode jiffies
278 stime kernel mode jiffies
279 cutime user mode jiffies with child's
280 cstime kernel mode jiffies with child's
281 priority priority level
282 nice nice level
283 num_threads number of threads
284 it_real_value (obsolete, always 0)
285 start_time time the process started after system boot
286 vsize virtual memory size
287 rss resident set memory size
288 rsslim current limit in bytes on the rss
289 start_code address above which program text can run
290 end_code address below which program text can run
291 start_stack address of the start of the stack
292 esp current value of ESP
293 eip current value of EIP
294 pending bitmap of pending signals
295 blocked bitmap of blocked signals
296 sigign bitmap of ignored signals
297 sigcatch bitmap of catched signals
298 wchan address where process went to sleep
299 0 (place holder)
300 0 (place holder)
301 exit_signal signal to send to parent thread on exit
302 task_cpu which CPU the task is scheduled on
303 rt_priority realtime priority
304 policy scheduling policy (man sched_setscheduler)
305 blkio_ticks time spent waiting for block IO
306 gtime guest time of the task in jiffies
307 cgtime guest time of the task children in jiffies
308..............................................................................
309
310The /proc/PID/maps file containing the currently mapped memory regions and
311their access permissions.
312
313The format is:
314
315address perms offset dev inode pathname
316
31708048000-08049000 r-xp 00000000 03:00 8312 /opt/test
31808049000-0804a000 rw-p 00001000 03:00 8312 /opt/test
3190804a000-0806b000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [heap]
320a7cb1000-a7cb2000 ---p 00000000 00:00 0
321a7cb2000-a7eb2000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
322a7eb2000-a7eb3000 ---p 00000000 00:00 0
323a7eb3000-a7ed5000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
324a7ed5000-a8008000 r-xp 00000000 03:00 4222 /lib/libc.so.6
325a8008000-a800a000 r--p 00133000 03:00 4222 /lib/libc.so.6
326a800a000-a800b000 rw-p 00135000 03:00 4222 /lib/libc.so.6
327a800b000-a800e000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
328a800e000-a8022000 r-xp 00000000 03:00 14462 /lib/libpthread.so.0
329a8022000-a8023000 r--p 00013000 03:00 14462 /lib/libpthread.so.0
330a8023000-a8024000 rw-p 00014000 03:00 14462 /lib/libpthread.so.0
331a8024000-a8027000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
332a8027000-a8043000 r-xp 00000000 03:00 8317 /lib/ld-linux.so.2
333a8043000-a8044000 r--p 0001b000 03:00 8317 /lib/ld-linux.so.2
334a8044000-a8045000 rw-p 0001c000 03:00 8317 /lib/ld-linux.so.2
335aff35000-aff4a000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [stack]
336ffffe000-fffff000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0 [vdso]
337
338where "address" is the address space in the process that it occupies, "perms"
339is a set of permissions:
340
341 r = read
342 w = write
343 x = execute
344 s = shared
345 p = private (copy on write)
346
347"offset" is the offset into the mapping, "dev" is the device (major:minor), and
348"inode" is the inode on that device. 0 indicates that no inode is associated
349with the memory region, as the case would be with BSS (uninitialized data).
350The "pathname" shows the name associated file for this mapping. If the mapping
351is not associated with a file:
352
353 [heap] = the heap of the program
354 [stack] = the stack of the main process
355 [vdso] = the "virtual dynamic shared object",
356 the kernel system call handler
357
358 or if empty, the mapping is anonymous.
359
360
361The /proc/PID/smaps is an extension based on maps, showing the memory
362consumption for each of the process's mappings. For each of mappings there
363is a series of lines such as the following:
364
36508048000-080bc000 r-xp 00000000 03:02 13130 /bin/bash
366Size: 1084 kB
367Rss: 892 kB
368Pss: 374 kB
369Shared_Clean: 892 kB
370Shared_Dirty: 0 kB
371Private_Clean: 0 kB
372Private_Dirty: 0 kB
373Referenced: 892 kB
374Anonymous: 0 kB
375Swap: 0 kB
376KernelPageSize: 4 kB
377MMUPageSize: 4 kB
378Locked: 374 kB
379
380The first of these lines shows the same information as is displayed for the
381mapping in /proc/PID/maps. The remaining lines show the size of the mapping
382(size), the amount of the mapping that is currently resident in RAM (RSS), the
383process' proportional share of this mapping (PSS), the number of clean and
384dirty private pages in the mapping. Note that even a page which is part of a
385MAP_SHARED mapping, but has only a single pte mapped, i.e. is currently used
386by only one process, is accounted as private and not as shared. "Referenced"
387indicates the amount of memory currently marked as referenced or accessed.
388"Anonymous" shows the amount of memory that does not belong to any file. Even
389a mapping associated with a file may contain anonymous pages: when MAP_PRIVATE
390and a page is modified, the file page is replaced by a private anonymous copy.
391"Swap" shows how much would-be-anonymous memory is also used, but out on
392swap.
393
394This file is only present if the CONFIG_MMU kernel configuration option is
395enabled.
396
397The /proc/PID/clear_refs is used to reset the PG_Referenced and ACCESSED/YOUNG
398bits on both physical and virtual pages associated with a process.
399To clear the bits for all the pages associated with the process
400 > echo 1 > /proc/PID/clear_refs
401
402To clear the bits for the anonymous pages associated with the process
403 > echo 2 > /proc/PID/clear_refs
404
405To clear the bits for the file mapped pages associated with the process
406 > echo 3 > /proc/PID/clear_refs
407Any other value written to /proc/PID/clear_refs will have no effect.
408
409The /proc/pid/pagemap gives the PFN, which can be used to find the pageflags
410using /proc/kpageflags and number of times a page is mapped using
411/proc/kpagecount. For detailed explanation, see Documentation/vm/pagemap.txt.
412
4131.2 Kernel data
414---------------
415
416Similar to the process entries, the kernel data files give information about
417the running kernel. The files used to obtain this information are contained in
418/proc and are listed in Table 1-5. Not all of these will be present in your
419system. It depends on the kernel configuration and the loaded modules, which
420files are there, and which are missing.
421
422Table 1-5: Kernel info in /proc
423..............................................................................
424 File Content
425 apm Advanced power management info
426 buddyinfo Kernel memory allocator information (see text) (2.5)
427 bus Directory containing bus specific information
428 cmdline Kernel command line
429 cpuinfo Info about the CPU
430 devices Available devices (block and character)
431 dma Used DMS channels
432 filesystems Supported filesystems
433 driver Various drivers grouped here, currently rtc (2.4)
434 execdomains Execdomains, related to security (2.4)
435 fb Frame Buffer devices (2.4)
436 fs File system parameters, currently nfs/exports (2.4)
437 ide Directory containing info about the IDE subsystem
438 interrupts Interrupt usage
439 iomem Memory map (2.4)
440 ioports I/O port usage
441 irq Masks for irq to cpu affinity (2.4)(smp?)
442 isapnp ISA PnP (Plug&Play) Info (2.4)
443 kcore Kernel core image (can be ELF or A.OUT(deprecated in 2.4))
444 kmsg Kernel messages
445 ksyms Kernel symbol table
446 loadavg Load average of last 1, 5 & 15 minutes
447 locks Kernel locks
448 meminfo Memory info
449 misc Miscellaneous
450 modules List of loaded modules
451 mounts Mounted filesystems
452 net Networking info (see text)
453 pagetypeinfo Additional page allocator information (see text) (2.5)
454 partitions Table of partitions known to the system
455 pci Deprecated info of PCI bus (new way -> /proc/bus/pci/,
456 decoupled by lspci (2.4)
457 rtc Real time clock
458 scsi SCSI info (see text)
459 slabinfo Slab pool info
460 softirqs softirq usage
461 stat Overall statistics
462 swaps Swap space utilization
463 sys See chapter 2
464 sysvipc Info of SysVIPC Resources (msg, sem, shm) (2.4)
465 tty Info of tty drivers
466 uptime System uptime
467 version Kernel version
468 video bttv info of video resources (2.4)
469 vmallocinfo Show vmalloced areas
470..............................................................................
471
472You can, for example, check which interrupts are currently in use and what
473they are used for by looking in the file /proc/interrupts:
474
475 > cat /proc/interrupts
476 CPU0
477 0: 8728810 XT-PIC timer
478 1: 895 XT-PIC keyboard
479 2: 0 XT-PIC cascade
480 3: 531695 XT-PIC aha152x
481 4: 2014133 XT-PIC serial
482 5: 44401 XT-PIC pcnet_cs
483 8: 2 XT-PIC rtc
484 11: 8 XT-PIC i82365
485 12: 182918 XT-PIC PS/2 Mouse
486 13: 1 XT-PIC fpu
487 14: 1232265 XT-PIC ide0
488 15: 7 XT-PIC ide1
489 NMI: 0
490
491In 2.4.* a couple of lines where added to this file LOC & ERR (this time is the
492output of a SMP machine):
493
494 > cat /proc/interrupts
495
496 CPU0 CPU1
497 0: 1243498 1214548 IO-APIC-edge timer
498 1: 8949 8958 IO-APIC-edge keyboard
499 2: 0 0 XT-PIC cascade
500 5: 11286 10161 IO-APIC-edge soundblaster
501 8: 1 0 IO-APIC-edge rtc
502 9: 27422 27407 IO-APIC-edge 3c503
503 12: 113645 113873 IO-APIC-edge PS/2 Mouse
504 13: 0 0 XT-PIC fpu
505 14: 22491 24012 IO-APIC-edge ide0
506 15: 2183 2415 IO-APIC-edge ide1
507 17: 30564 30414 IO-APIC-level eth0
508 18: 177 164 IO-APIC-level bttv
509 NMI: 2457961 2457959
510 LOC: 2457882 2457881
511 ERR: 2155
512
513NMI is incremented in this case because every timer interrupt generates a NMI
514(Non Maskable Interrupt) which is used by the NMI Watchdog to detect lockups.
515
516LOC is the local interrupt counter of the internal APIC of every CPU.
517
518ERR is incremented in the case of errors in the IO-APIC bus (the bus that
519connects the CPUs in a SMP system. This means that an error has been detected,
520the IO-APIC automatically retry the transmission, so it should not be a big
521problem, but you should read the SMP-FAQ.
522
523In 2.6.2* /proc/interrupts was expanded again. This time the goal was for
524/proc/interrupts to display every IRQ vector in use by the system, not
525just those considered 'most important'. The new vectors are:
526
527 THR -- interrupt raised when a machine check threshold counter
528 (typically counting ECC corrected errors of memory or cache) exceeds
529 a configurable threshold. Only available on some systems.
530
531 TRM -- a thermal event interrupt occurs when a temperature threshold
532 has been exceeded for the CPU. This interrupt may also be generated
533 when the temperature drops back to normal.
534
535 SPU -- a spurious interrupt is some interrupt that was raised then lowered
536 by some IO device before it could be fully processed by the APIC. Hence
537 the APIC sees the interrupt but does not know what device it came from.
538 For this case the APIC will generate the interrupt with a IRQ vector
539 of 0xff. This might also be generated by chipset bugs.
540
541 RES, CAL, TLB -- rescheduling, call and TLB flush interrupts are
542 sent from one CPU to another per the needs of the OS. Typically,
543 their statistics are used by kernel developers and interested users to
544 determine the occurrence of interrupts of the given type.
545
546The above IRQ vectors are displayed only when relevant. For example,
547the threshold vector does not exist on x86_64 platforms. Others are
548suppressed when the system is a uniprocessor. As of this writing, only
549i386 and x86_64 platforms support the new IRQ vector displays.
550
551Of some interest is the introduction of the /proc/irq directory to 2.4.
552It could be used to set IRQ to CPU affinity, this means that you can "hook" an
553IRQ to only one CPU, or to exclude a CPU of handling IRQs. The contents of the
554irq subdir is one subdir for each IRQ, and two files; default_smp_affinity and
555prof_cpu_mask.
556
557For example
558 > ls /proc/irq/
559 0 10 12 14 16 18 2 4 6 8 prof_cpu_mask
560 1 11 13 15 17 19 3 5 7 9 default_smp_affinity
561 > ls /proc/irq/0/
562 smp_affinity
563
564smp_affinity is a bitmask, in which you can specify which CPUs can handle the
565IRQ, you can set it by doing:
566
567 > echo 1 > /proc/irq/10/smp_affinity
568
569This means that only the first CPU will handle the IRQ, but you can also echo
5705 which means that only the first and fourth CPU can handle the IRQ.
571
572The contents of each smp_affinity file is the same by default:
573
574 > cat /proc/irq/0/smp_affinity
575 ffffffff
576
577There is an alternate interface, smp_affinity_list which allows specifying
578a cpu range instead of a bitmask:
579
580 > cat /proc/irq/0/smp_affinity_list
581 1024-1031
582
583The default_smp_affinity mask applies to all non-active IRQs, which are the
584IRQs which have not yet been allocated/activated, and hence which lack a
585/proc/irq/[0-9]* directory.
586
587The node file on an SMP system shows the node to which the device using the IRQ
588reports itself as being attached. This hardware locality information does not
589include information about any possible driver locality preference.
590
591prof_cpu_mask specifies which CPUs are to be profiled by the system wide
592profiler. Default value is ffffffff (all cpus if there are only 32 of them).
593
594The way IRQs are routed is handled by the IO-APIC, and it's Round Robin
595between all the CPUs which are allowed to handle it. As usual the kernel has
596more info than you and does a better job than you, so the defaults are the
597best choice for almost everyone. [Note this applies only to those IO-APIC's
598that support "Round Robin" interrupt distribution.]
599
600There are three more important subdirectories in /proc: net, scsi, and sys.
601The general rule is that the contents, or even the existence of these
602directories, depend on your kernel configuration. If SCSI is not enabled, the
603directory scsi may not exist. The same is true with the net, which is there
604only when networking support is present in the running kernel.
605
606The slabinfo file gives information about memory usage at the slab level.
607Linux uses slab pools for memory management above page level in version 2.2.
608Commonly used objects have their own slab pool (such as network buffers,
609directory cache, and so on).
610
611..............................................................................
612
613> cat /proc/buddyinfo
614
615Node 0, zone DMA 0 4 5 4 4 3 ...
616Node 0, zone Normal 1 0 0 1 101 8 ...
617Node 0, zone HighMem 2 0 0 1 1 0 ...
618
619External fragmentation is a problem under some workloads, and buddyinfo is a
620useful tool for helping diagnose these problems. Buddyinfo will give you a
621clue as to how big an area you can safely allocate, or why a previous
622allocation failed.
623
624Each column represents the number of pages of a certain order which are
625available. In this case, there are 0 chunks of 2^0*PAGE_SIZE available in
626ZONE_DMA, 4 chunks of 2^1*PAGE_SIZE in ZONE_DMA, 101 chunks of 2^4*PAGE_SIZE
627available in ZONE_NORMAL, etc...
628
629More information relevant to external fragmentation can be found in
630pagetypeinfo.
631
632> cat /proc/pagetypeinfo
633Page block order: 9
634Pages per block: 512
635
636Free pages count per migrate type at order 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
637Node 0, zone DMA, type Unmovable 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
638Node 0, zone DMA, type Reclaimable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
639Node 0, zone DMA, type Movable 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 2
640Node 0, zone DMA, type Reserve 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
641Node 0, zone DMA, type Isolate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
642Node 0, zone DMA32, type Unmovable 103 54 77 1 1 1 11 8 7 1 9
643Node 0, zone DMA32, type Reclaimable 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
644Node 0, zone DMA32, type Movable 169 152 113 91 77 54 39 13 6 1 452
645Node 0, zone DMA32, type Reserve 1 2 2 2 2 0 1 1 1 1 0
646Node 0, zone DMA32, type Isolate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
647
648Number of blocks type Unmovable Reclaimable Movable Reserve Isolate
649Node 0, zone DMA 2 0 5 1 0
650Node 0, zone DMA32 41 6 967 2 0
651
652Fragmentation avoidance in the kernel works by grouping pages of different
653migrate types into the same contiguous regions of memory called page blocks.
654A page block is typically the size of the default hugepage size e.g. 2MB on
655X86-64. By keeping pages grouped based on their ability to move, the kernel
656can reclaim pages within a page block to satisfy a high-order allocation.
657
658The pagetypinfo begins with information on the size of a page block. It
659then gives the same type of information as buddyinfo except broken down
660by migrate-type and finishes with details on how many page blocks of each
661type exist.
662
663If min_free_kbytes has been tuned correctly (recommendations made by hugeadm
664from libhugetlbfs http://sourceforge.net/projects/libhugetlbfs/), one can
665make an estimate of the likely number of huge pages that can be allocated
666at a given point in time. All the "Movable" blocks should be allocatable
667unless memory has been mlock()'d. Some of the Reclaimable blocks should
668also be allocatable although a lot of filesystem metadata may have to be
669reclaimed to achieve this.
670
671..............................................................................
672
673meminfo:
674
675Provides information about distribution and utilization of memory. This
676varies by architecture and compile options. The following is from a
67716GB PIII, which has highmem enabled. You may not have all of these fields.
678
679> cat /proc/meminfo
680
681The "Locked" indicates whether the mapping is locked in memory or not.
682
683
684MemTotal: 16344972 kB
685MemFree: 13634064 kB
686Buffers: 3656 kB
687Cached: 1195708 kB
688SwapCached: 0 kB
689Active: 891636 kB
690Inactive: 1077224 kB
691HighTotal: 15597528 kB
692HighFree: 13629632 kB
693LowTotal: 747444 kB
694LowFree: 4432 kB
695SwapTotal: 0 kB
696SwapFree: 0 kB
697Dirty: 968 kB
698Writeback: 0 kB
699AnonPages: 861800 kB
700Mapped: 280372 kB
701Slab: 284364 kB
702SReclaimable: 159856 kB
703SUnreclaim: 124508 kB
704PageTables: 24448 kB
705NFS_Unstable: 0 kB
706Bounce: 0 kB
707WritebackTmp: 0 kB
708CommitLimit: 7669796 kB
709Committed_AS: 100056 kB
710VmallocTotal: 112216 kB
711VmallocUsed: 428 kB
712VmallocChunk: 111088 kB
713
714 MemTotal: Total usable ram (i.e. physical ram minus a few reserved
715 bits and the kernel binary code)
716 MemFree: The sum of LowFree+HighFree
717 Buffers: Relatively temporary storage for raw disk blocks
718 shouldn't get tremendously large (20MB or so)
719 Cached: in-memory cache for files read from the disk (the
720 pagecache). Doesn't include SwapCached
721 SwapCached: Memory that once was swapped out, is swapped back in but
722 still also is in the swapfile (if memory is needed it
723 doesn't need to be swapped out AGAIN because it is already
724 in the swapfile. This saves I/O)
725 Active: Memory that has been used more recently and usually not
726 reclaimed unless absolutely necessary.
727 Inactive: Memory which has been less recently used. It is more
728 eligible to be reclaimed for other purposes
729 HighTotal:
730 HighFree: Highmem is all memory above ~860MB of physical memory
731 Highmem areas are for use by userspace programs, or
732 for the pagecache. The kernel must use tricks to access
733 this memory, making it slower to access than lowmem.
734 LowTotal:
735 LowFree: Lowmem is memory which can be used for everything that
736 highmem can be used for, but it is also available for the
737 kernel's use for its own data structures. Among many
738 other things, it is where everything from the Slab is
739 allocated. Bad things happen when you're out of lowmem.
740 SwapTotal: total amount of swap space available
741 SwapFree: Memory which has been evicted from RAM, and is temporarily
742 on the disk
743 Dirty: Memory which is waiting to get written back to the disk
744 Writeback: Memory which is actively being written back to the disk
745 AnonPages: Non-file backed pages mapped into userspace page tables
746 Mapped: files which have been mmaped, such as libraries
747 Slab: in-kernel data structures cache
748SReclaimable: Part of Slab, that might be reclaimed, such as caches
749 SUnreclaim: Part of Slab, that cannot be reclaimed on memory pressure
750 PageTables: amount of memory dedicated to the lowest level of page
751 tables.
752NFS_Unstable: NFS pages sent to the server, but not yet committed to stable
753 storage
754 Bounce: Memory used for block device "bounce buffers"
755WritebackTmp: Memory used by FUSE for temporary writeback buffers
756 CommitLimit: Based on the overcommit ratio ('vm.overcommit_ratio'),
757 this is the total amount of memory currently available to
758 be allocated on the system. This limit is only adhered to
759 if strict overcommit accounting is enabled (mode 2 in
760 'vm.overcommit_memory').
761 The CommitLimit is calculated with the following formula:
762 CommitLimit = ('vm.overcommit_ratio' * Physical RAM) + Swap
763 For example, on a system with 1G of physical RAM and 7G
764 of swap with a `vm.overcommit_ratio` of 30 it would
765 yield a CommitLimit of 7.3G.
766 For more details, see the memory overcommit documentation
767 in vm/overcommit-accounting.
768Committed_AS: The amount of memory presently allocated on the system.
769 The committed memory is a sum of all of the memory which
770 has been allocated by processes, even if it has not been
771 "used" by them as of yet. A process which malloc()'s 1G
772 of memory, but only touches 300M of it will only show up
773 as using 300M of memory even if it has the address space
774 allocated for the entire 1G. This 1G is memory which has
775 been "committed" to by the VM and can be used at any time
776 by the allocating application. With strict overcommit
777 enabled on the system (mode 2 in 'vm.overcommit_memory'),
778 allocations which would exceed the CommitLimit (detailed
779 above) will not be permitted. This is useful if one needs
780 to guarantee that processes will not fail due to lack of
781 memory once that memory has been successfully allocated.
782VmallocTotal: total size of vmalloc memory area
783 VmallocUsed: amount of vmalloc area which is used
784VmallocChunk: largest contiguous block of vmalloc area which is free
785
786..............................................................................
787
788vmallocinfo:
789
790Provides information about vmalloced/vmaped areas. One line per area,
791containing the virtual address range of the area, size in bytes,
792caller information of the creator, and optional information depending
793on the kind of area :
794
795 pages=nr number of pages
796 phys=addr if a physical address was specified
797 ioremap I/O mapping (ioremap() and friends)
798 vmalloc vmalloc() area
799 vmap vmap()ed pages
800 user VM_USERMAP area
801 vpages buffer for pages pointers was vmalloced (huge area)
802 N<node>=nr (Only on NUMA kernels)
803 Number of pages allocated on memory node <node>
804
805> cat /proc/vmallocinfo
8060xffffc20000000000-0xffffc20000201000 2101248 alloc_large_system_hash+0x204 ...
807 /0x2c0 pages=512 vmalloc N0=128 N1=128 N2=128 N3=128
8080xffffc20000201000-0xffffc20000302000 1052672 alloc_large_system_hash+0x204 ...
809 /0x2c0 pages=256 vmalloc N0=64 N1=64 N2=64 N3=64
8100xffffc20000302000-0xffffc20000304000 8192 acpi_tb_verify_table+0x21/0x4f...
811 phys=7fee8000 ioremap
8120xffffc20000304000-0xffffc20000307000 12288 acpi_tb_verify_table+0x21/0x4f...
813 phys=7fee7000 ioremap
8140xffffc2000031d000-0xffffc2000031f000 8192 init_vdso_vars+0x112/0x210
8150xffffc2000031f000-0xffffc2000032b000 49152 cramfs_uncompress_init+0x2e ...
816 /0x80 pages=11 vmalloc N0=3 N1=3 N2=2 N3=3
8170xffffc2000033a000-0xffffc2000033d000 12288 sys_swapon+0x640/0xac0 ...
818 pages=2 vmalloc N1=2
8190xffffc20000347000-0xffffc2000034c000 20480 xt_alloc_table_info+0xfe ...
820 /0x130 [x_tables] pages=4 vmalloc N0=4
8210xffffffffa0000000-0xffffffffa000f000 61440 sys_init_module+0xc27/0x1d00 ...
822 pages=14 vmalloc N2=14
8230xffffffffa000f000-0xffffffffa0014000 20480 sys_init_module+0xc27/0x1d00 ...
824 pages=4 vmalloc N1=4
8250xffffffffa0014000-0xffffffffa0017000 12288 sys_init_module+0xc27/0x1d00 ...
826 pages=2 vmalloc N1=2
8270xffffffffa0017000-0xffffffffa0022000 45056 sys_init_module+0xc27/0x1d00 ...
828 pages=10 vmalloc N0=10
829
830..............................................................................
831
832softirqs:
833
834Provides counts of softirq handlers serviced since boot time, for each cpu.
835
836> cat /proc/softirqs
837 CPU0 CPU1 CPU2 CPU3
838 HI: 0 0 0 0
839 TIMER: 27166 27120 27097 27034
840 NET_TX: 0 0 0 17
841 NET_RX: 42 0 0 39
842 BLOCK: 0 0 107 1121
843 TASKLET: 0 0 0 290
844 SCHED: 27035 26983 26971 26746
845 HRTIMER: 0 0 0 0
846 RCU: 1678 1769 2178 2250
847
848
8491.3 IDE devices in /proc/ide
850----------------------------
851
852The subdirectory /proc/ide contains information about all IDE devices of which
853the kernel is aware. There is one subdirectory for each IDE controller, the
854file drivers and a link for each IDE device, pointing to the device directory
855in the controller specific subtree.
856
857The file drivers contains general information about the drivers used for the
858IDE devices:
859
860 > cat /proc/ide/drivers
861 ide-cdrom version 4.53
862 ide-disk version 1.08
863
864More detailed information can be found in the controller specific
865subdirectories. These are named ide0, ide1 and so on. Each of these
866directories contains the files shown in table 1-6.
867
868
869Table 1-6: IDE controller info in /proc/ide/ide?
870..............................................................................
871 File Content
872 channel IDE channel (0 or 1)
873 config Configuration (only for PCI/IDE bridge)
874 mate Mate name
875 model Type/Chipset of IDE controller
876..............................................................................
877
878Each device connected to a controller has a separate subdirectory in the
879controllers directory. The files listed in table 1-7 are contained in these
880directories.
881
882
883Table 1-7: IDE device information
884..............................................................................
885 File Content
886 cache The cache
887 capacity Capacity of the medium (in 512Byte blocks)
888 driver driver and version
889 geometry physical and logical geometry
890 identify device identify block
891 media media type
892 model device identifier
893 settings device setup
894 smart_thresholds IDE disk management thresholds
895 smart_values IDE disk management values
896..............................................................................
897
898The most interesting file is settings. This file contains a nice overview of
899the drive parameters:
900
901 # cat /proc/ide/ide0/hda/settings
902 name value min max mode
903 ---- ----- --- --- ----
904 bios_cyl 526 0 65535 rw
905 bios_head 255 0 255 rw
906 bios_sect 63 0 63 rw
907 breada_readahead 4 0 127 rw
908 bswap 0 0 1 r
909 file_readahead 72 0 2097151 rw
910 io_32bit 0 0 3 rw
911 keepsettings 0 0 1 rw
912 max_kb_per_request 122 1 127 rw
913 multcount 0 0 8 rw
914 nice1 1 0 1 rw
915 nowerr 0 0 1 rw
916 pio_mode write-only 0 255 w
917 slow 0 0 1 rw
918 unmaskirq 0 0 1 rw
919 using_dma 0 0 1 rw
920
921
9221.4 Networking info in /proc/net
923--------------------------------
924
925The subdirectory /proc/net follows the usual pattern. Table 1-8 shows the
926additional values you get for IP version 6 if you configure the kernel to
927support this. Table 1-9 lists the files and their meaning.
928
929
930Table 1-8: IPv6 info in /proc/net
931..............................................................................
932 File Content
933 udp6 UDP sockets (IPv6)
934 tcp6 TCP sockets (IPv6)
935 raw6 Raw device statistics (IPv6)
936 igmp6 IP multicast addresses, which this host joined (IPv6)
937 if_inet6 List of IPv6 interface addresses
938 ipv6_route Kernel routing table for IPv6
939 rt6_stats Global IPv6 routing tables statistics
940 sockstat6 Socket statistics (IPv6)
941 snmp6 Snmp data (IPv6)
942..............................................................................
943
944
945Table 1-9: Network info in /proc/net
946..............................................................................
947 File Content
948 arp Kernel ARP table
949 dev network devices with statistics
950 dev_mcast the Layer2 multicast groups a device is listening too
951 (interface index, label, number of references, number of bound
952 addresses).
953 dev_stat network device status
954 ip_fwchains Firewall chain linkage
955 ip_fwnames Firewall chain names
956 ip_masq Directory containing the masquerading tables
957 ip_masquerade Major masquerading table
958 netstat Network statistics
959 raw raw device statistics
960 route Kernel routing table
961 rpc Directory containing rpc info
962 rt_cache Routing cache
963 snmp SNMP data
964 sockstat Socket statistics
965 tcp TCP sockets
966 tr_rif Token ring RIF routing table
967 udp UDP sockets
968 unix UNIX domain sockets
969 wireless Wireless interface data (Wavelan etc)
970 igmp IP multicast addresses, which this host joined
971 psched Global packet scheduler parameters.
972 netlink List of PF_NETLINK sockets
973 ip_mr_vifs List of multicast virtual interfaces
974 ip_mr_cache List of multicast routing cache
975..............................................................................
976
977You can use this information to see which network devices are available in
978your system and how much traffic was routed over those devices:
979
980 > cat /proc/net/dev
981 Inter-|Receive |[...
982 face |bytes packets errs drop fifo frame compressed multicast|[...
983 lo: 908188 5596 0 0 0 0 0 0 [...
984 ppp0:15475140 20721 410 0 0 410 0 0 [...
985 eth0: 614530 7085 0 0 0 0 0 1 [...
986
987 ...] Transmit
988 ...] bytes packets errs drop fifo colls carrier compressed
989 ...] 908188 5596 0 0 0 0 0 0
990 ...] 1375103 17405 0 0 0 0 0 0
991 ...] 1703981 5535 0 0 0 3 0 0
992
993In addition, each Channel Bond interface has its own directory. For
994example, the bond0 device will have a directory called /proc/net/bond0/.
995It will contain information that is specific to that bond, such as the
996current slaves of the bond, the link status of the slaves, and how
997many times the slaves link has failed.
998
9991.5 SCSI info
1000-------------
1001
1002If you have a SCSI host adapter in your system, you'll find a subdirectory
1003named after the driver for this adapter in /proc/scsi. You'll also see a list
1004of all recognized SCSI devices in /proc/scsi:
1005
1006 >cat /proc/scsi/scsi
1007 Attached devices:
1008 Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00
1009 Vendor: IBM Model: DGHS09U Rev: 03E0
1010 Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 03
1011 Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 06 Lun: 00
1012 Vendor: PIONEER Model: CD-ROM DR-U06S Rev: 1.04
1013 Type: CD-ROM ANSI SCSI revision: 02
1014
1015
1016The directory named after the driver has one file for each adapter found in
1017the system. These files contain information about the controller, including
1018the used IRQ and the IO address range. The amount of information shown is
1019dependent on the adapter you use. The example shows the output for an Adaptec
1020AHA-2940 SCSI adapter:
1021
1022 > cat /proc/scsi/aic7xxx/0
1023
1024 Adaptec AIC7xxx driver version: 5.1.19/3.2.4
1025 Compile Options:
1026 TCQ Enabled By Default : Disabled
1027 AIC7XXX_PROC_STATS : Disabled
1028 AIC7XXX_RESET_DELAY : 5
1029 Adapter Configuration:
1030 SCSI Adapter: Adaptec AHA-294X Ultra SCSI host adapter
1031 Ultra Wide Controller
1032 PCI MMAPed I/O Base: 0xeb001000
1033 Adapter SEEPROM Config: SEEPROM found and used.
1034 Adaptec SCSI BIOS: Enabled
1035 IRQ: 10
1036 SCBs: Active 0, Max Active 2,
1037 Allocated 15, HW 16, Page 255
1038 Interrupts: 160328
1039 BIOS Control Word: 0x18b6
1040 Adapter Control Word: 0x005b
1041 Extended Translation: Enabled
1042 Disconnect Enable Flags: 0xffff
1043 Ultra Enable Flags: 0x0001
1044 Tag Queue Enable Flags: 0x0000
1045 Ordered Queue Tag Flags: 0x0000
1046 Default Tag Queue Depth: 8
1047 Tagged Queue By Device array for aic7xxx host instance 0:
1048 {255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255}
1049 Actual queue depth per device for aic7xxx host instance 0:
1050 {1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}
1051 Statistics:
1052 (scsi0:0:0:0)
1053 Device using Wide/Sync transfers at 40.0 MByte/sec, offset 8
1054 Transinfo settings: current(12/8/1/0), goal(12/8/1/0), user(12/15/1/0)
1055 Total transfers 160151 (74577 reads and 85574 writes)
1056 (scsi0:0:6:0)
1057 Device using Narrow/Sync transfers at 5.0 MByte/sec, offset 15
1058 Transinfo settings: current(50/15/0/0), goal(50/15/0/0), user(50/15/0/0)
1059 Total transfers 0 (0 reads and 0 writes)
1060
1061
10621.6 Parallel port info in /proc/parport
1063---------------------------------------
1064
1065The directory /proc/parport contains information about the parallel ports of
1066your system. It has one subdirectory for each port, named after the port
1067number (0,1,2,...).
1068
1069These directories contain the four files shown in Table 1-10.
1070
1071
1072Table 1-10: Files in /proc/parport
1073..............................................................................
1074 File Content
1075 autoprobe Any IEEE-1284 device ID information that has been acquired.
1076 devices list of the device drivers using that port. A + will appear by the
1077 name of the device currently using the port (it might not appear
1078 against any).
1079 hardware Parallel port's base address, IRQ line and DMA channel.
1080 irq IRQ that parport is using for that port. This is in a separate
1081 file to allow you to alter it by writing a new value in (IRQ
1082 number or none).
1083..............................................................................
1084
10851.7 TTY info in /proc/tty
1086-------------------------
1087
1088Information about the available and actually used tty's can be found in the
1089directory /proc/tty.You'll find entries for drivers and line disciplines in
1090this directory, as shown in Table 1-11.
1091
1092
1093Table 1-11: Files in /proc/tty
1094..............................................................................
1095 File Content
1096 drivers list of drivers and their usage
1097 ldiscs registered line disciplines
1098 driver/serial usage statistic and status of single tty lines
1099..............................................................................
1100
1101To see which tty's are currently in use, you can simply look into the file
1102/proc/tty/drivers:
1103
1104 > cat /proc/tty/drivers
1105 pty_slave /dev/pts 136 0-255 pty:slave
1106 pty_master /dev/ptm 128 0-255 pty:master
1107 pty_slave /dev/ttyp 3 0-255 pty:slave
1108 pty_master /dev/pty 2 0-255 pty:master
1109 serial /dev/cua 5 64-67 serial:callout
1110 serial /dev/ttyS 4 64-67 serial
1111 /dev/tty0 /dev/tty0 4 0 system:vtmaster
1112 /dev/ptmx /dev/ptmx 5 2 system
1113 /dev/console /dev/console 5 1 system:console
1114 /dev/tty /dev/tty 5 0 system:/dev/tty
1115 unknown /dev/tty 4 1-63 console
1116
1117
11181.8 Miscellaneous kernel statistics in /proc/stat
1119-------------------------------------------------
1120
1121Various pieces of information about kernel activity are available in the
1122/proc/stat file. All of the numbers reported in this file are aggregates
1123since the system first booted. For a quick look, simply cat the file:
1124
1125 > cat /proc/stat
1126 cpu 2255 34 2290 22625563 6290 127 456 0 0
1127 cpu0 1132 34 1441 11311718 3675 127 438 0 0
1128 cpu1 1123 0 849 11313845 2614 0 18 0 0
1129 intr 114930548 113199788 3 0 5 263 0 4 [... lots more numbers ...]
1130 ctxt 1990473
1131 btime 1062191376
1132 processes 2915
1133 procs_running 1
1134 procs_blocked 0
1135 softirq 183433 0 21755 12 39 1137 231 21459 2263
1136
1137The very first "cpu" line aggregates the numbers in all of the other "cpuN"
1138lines. These numbers identify the amount of time the CPU has spent performing
1139different kinds of work. Time units are in USER_HZ (typically hundredths of a
1140second). The meanings of the columns are as follows, from left to right:
1141
1142- user: normal processes executing in user mode
1143- nice: niced processes executing in user mode
1144- system: processes executing in kernel mode
1145- idle: twiddling thumbs
1146- iowait: waiting for I/O to complete
1147- irq: servicing interrupts
1148- softirq: servicing softirqs
1149- steal: involuntary wait
1150- guest: running a normal guest
1151- guest_nice: running a niced guest
1152
1153The "intr" line gives counts of interrupts serviced since boot time, for each
1154of the possible system interrupts. The first column is the total of all
1155interrupts serviced; each subsequent column is the total for that particular
1156interrupt.
1157
1158The "ctxt" line gives the total number of context switches across all CPUs.
1159
1160The "btime" line gives the time at which the system booted, in seconds since
1161the Unix epoch.
1162
1163The "processes" line gives the number of processes and threads created, which
1164includes (but is not limited to) those created by calls to the fork() and
1165clone() system calls.
1166
1167The "procs_running" line gives the total number of threads that are
1168running or ready to run (i.e., the total number of runnable threads).
1169
1170The "procs_blocked" line gives the number of processes currently blocked,
1171waiting for I/O to complete.
1172
1173The "softirq" line gives counts of softirqs serviced since boot time, for each
1174of the possible system softirqs. The first column is the total of all
1175softirqs serviced; each subsequent column is the total for that particular
1176softirq.
1177
1178
11791.9 Ext4 file system parameters
1180------------------------------
1181
1182Information about mounted ext4 file systems can be found in
1183/proc/fs/ext4. Each mounted filesystem will have a directory in
1184/proc/fs/ext4 based on its device name (i.e., /proc/fs/ext4/hdc or
1185/proc/fs/ext4/dm-0). The files in each per-device directory are shown
1186in Table 1-12, below.
1187
1188Table 1-12: Files in /proc/fs/ext4/<devname>
1189..............................................................................
1190 File Content
1191 mb_groups details of multiblock allocator buddy cache of free blocks
1192..............................................................................
1193
11942.0 /proc/consoles
1195------------------
1196Shows registered system console lines.
1197
1198To see which character device lines are currently used for the system console
1199/dev/console, you may simply look into the file /proc/consoles:
1200
1201 > cat /proc/consoles
1202 tty0 -WU (ECp) 4:7
1203 ttyS0 -W- (Ep) 4:64
1204
1205The columns are:
1206
1207 device name of the device
1208 operations R = can do read operations
1209 W = can do write operations
1210 U = can do unblank
1211 flags E = it is enabled
1212 C = it is preferred console
1213 B = it is primary boot console
1214 p = it is used for printk buffer
1215 b = it is not a TTY but a Braille device
1216 a = it is safe to use when cpu is offline
1217 major:minor major and minor number of the device separated by a colon
1218
1219------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1220Summary
1221------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1222The /proc file system serves information about the running system. It not only
1223allows access to process data but also allows you to request the kernel status
1224by reading files in the hierarchy.
1225
1226The directory structure of /proc reflects the types of information and makes
1227it easy, if not obvious, where to look for specific data.
1228------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1229
1230------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1231CHAPTER 2: MODIFYING SYSTEM PARAMETERS
1232------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1233
1234------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1235In This Chapter
1236------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1237* Modifying kernel parameters by writing into files found in /proc/sys
1238* Exploring the files which modify certain parameters
1239* Review of the /proc/sys file tree
1240------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1241
1242
1243A very interesting part of /proc is the directory /proc/sys. This is not only
1244a source of information, it also allows you to change parameters within the
1245kernel. Be very careful when attempting this. You can optimize your system,
1246but you can also cause it to crash. Never alter kernel parameters on a
1247production system. Set up a development machine and test to make sure that
1248everything works the way you want it to. You may have no alternative but to
1249reboot the machine once an error has been made.
1250
1251To change a value, simply echo the new value into the file. An example is
1252given below in the section on the file system data. You need to be root to do
1253this. You can create your own boot script to perform this every time your
1254system boots.
1255
1256The files in /proc/sys can be used to fine tune and monitor miscellaneous and
1257general things in the operation of the Linux kernel. Since some of the files
1258can inadvertently disrupt your system, it is advisable to read both
1259documentation and source before actually making adjustments. In any case, be
1260very careful when writing to any of these files. The entries in /proc may
1261change slightly between the 2.1.* and the 2.2 kernel, so if there is any doubt
1262review the kernel documentation in the directory /usr/src/linux/Documentation.
1263This chapter is heavily based on the documentation included in the pre 2.2
1264kernels, and became part of it in version 2.2.1 of the Linux kernel.
1265
1266Please see: Documentation/sysctls/ directory for descriptions of these
1267entries.
1268
1269------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1270Summary
1271------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1272Certain aspects of kernel behavior can be modified at runtime, without the
1273need to recompile the kernel, or even to reboot the system. The files in the
1274/proc/sys tree can not only be read, but also modified. You can use the echo
1275command to write value into these files, thereby changing the default settings
1276of the kernel.
1277------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1278
1279------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1280CHAPTER 3: PER-PROCESS PARAMETERS
1281------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1282
12833.1 /proc/<pid>/oom_adj & /proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj- Adjust the oom-killer score
1284--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1285
1286These file can be used to adjust the badness heuristic used to select which
1287process gets killed in out of memory conditions.
1288
1289The badness heuristic assigns a value to each candidate task ranging from 0
1290(never kill) to 1000 (always kill) to determine which process is targeted. The
1291units are roughly a proportion along that range of allowed memory the process
1292may allocate from based on an estimation of its current memory and swap use.
1293For example, if a task is using all allowed memory, its badness score will be
12941000. If it is using half of its allowed memory, its score will be 500.
1295
1296There is an additional factor included in the badness score: root
1297processes are given 3% extra memory over other tasks.
1298
1299The amount of "allowed" memory depends on the context in which the oom killer
1300was called. If it is due to the memory assigned to the allocating task's cpuset
1301being exhausted, the allowed memory represents the set of mems assigned to that
1302cpuset. If it is due to a mempolicy's node(s) being exhausted, the allowed
1303memory represents the set of mempolicy nodes. If it is due to a memory
1304limit (or swap limit) being reached, the allowed memory is that configured
1305limit. Finally, if it is due to the entire system being out of memory, the
1306allowed memory represents all allocatable resources.
1307
1308The value of /proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj is added to the badness score before it
1309is used to determine which task to kill. Acceptable values range from -1000
1310(OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MIN) to +1000 (OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX). This allows userspace to
1311polarize the preference for oom killing either by always preferring a certain
1312task or completely disabling it. The lowest possible value, -1000, is
1313equivalent to disabling oom killing entirely for that task since it will always
1314report a badness score of 0.
1315
1316Consequently, it is very simple for userspace to define the amount of memory to
1317consider for each task. Setting a /proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj value of +500, for
1318example, is roughly equivalent to allowing the remainder of tasks sharing the
1319same system, cpuset, mempolicy, or memory controller resources to use at least
132050% more memory. A value of -500, on the other hand, would be roughly
1321equivalent to discounting 50% of the task's allowed memory from being considered
1322as scoring against the task.
1323
1324For backwards compatibility with previous kernels, /proc/<pid>/oom_adj may also
1325be used to tune the badness score. Its acceptable values range from -16
1326(OOM_ADJUST_MIN) to +15 (OOM_ADJUST_MAX) and a special value of -17
1327(OOM_DISABLE) to disable oom killing entirely for that task. Its value is
1328scaled linearly with /proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj.
1329
1330Writing to /proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj or /proc/<pid>/oom_adj will change the
1331other with its scaled value.
1332
1333The value of /proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj may be reduced no lower than the last
1334value set by a CAP_SYS_RESOURCE process. To reduce the value any lower
1335requires CAP_SYS_RESOURCE.
1336
1337NOTICE: /proc/<pid>/oom_adj is deprecated and will be removed, please see
1338Documentation/feature-removal-schedule.txt.
1339
1340Caveat: when a parent task is selected, the oom killer will sacrifice any first
1341generation children with separate address spaces instead, if possible. This
1342avoids servers and important system daemons from being killed and loses the
1343minimal amount of work.
1344
1345
13463.2 /proc/<pid>/oom_score - Display current oom-killer score
1347-------------------------------------------------------------
1348
1349This file can be used to check the current score used by the oom-killer is for
1350any given <pid>. Use it together with /proc/<pid>/oom_adj to tune which
1351process should be killed in an out-of-memory situation.
1352
1353
13543.3 /proc/<pid>/io - Display the IO accounting fields
1355-------------------------------------------------------
1356
1357This file contains IO statistics for each running process
1358
1359Example
1360-------
1361
1362test:/tmp # dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/test.dat &
1363[1] 3828
1364
1365test:/tmp # cat /proc/3828/io
1366rchar: 323934931
1367wchar: 323929600
1368syscr: 632687
1369syscw: 632675
1370read_bytes: 0
1371write_bytes: 323932160
1372cancelled_write_bytes: 0
1373
1374
1375Description
1376-----------
1377
1378rchar
1379-----
1380
1381I/O counter: chars read
1382The number of bytes which this task has caused to be read from storage. This
1383is simply the sum of bytes which this process passed to read() and pread().
1384It includes things like tty IO and it is unaffected by whether or not actual
1385physical disk IO was required (the read might have been satisfied from
1386pagecache)
1387
1388
1389wchar
1390-----
1391
1392I/O counter: chars written
1393The number of bytes which this task has caused, or shall cause to be written
1394to disk. Similar caveats apply here as with rchar.
1395
1396
1397syscr
1398-----
1399
1400I/O counter: read syscalls
1401Attempt to count the number of read I/O operations, i.e. syscalls like read()
1402and pread().
1403
1404
1405syscw
1406-----
1407
1408I/O counter: write syscalls
1409Attempt to count the number of write I/O operations, i.e. syscalls like
1410write() and pwrite().
1411
1412
1413read_bytes
1414----------
1415
1416I/O counter: bytes read
1417Attempt to count the number of bytes which this process really did cause to
1418be fetched from the storage layer. Done at the submit_bio() level, so it is
1419accurate for block-backed filesystems. <please add status regarding NFS and
1420CIFS at a later time>
1421
1422
1423write_bytes
1424-----------
1425
1426I/O counter: bytes written
1427Attempt to count the number of bytes which this process caused to be sent to
1428the storage layer. This is done at page-dirtying time.
1429
1430
1431cancelled_write_bytes
1432---------------------
1433
1434The big inaccuracy here is truncate. If a process writes 1MB to a file and
1435then deletes the file, it will in fact perform no writeout. But it will have
1436been accounted as having caused 1MB of write.
1437In other words: The number of bytes which this process caused to not happen,
1438by truncating pagecache. A task can cause "negative" IO too. If this task
1439truncates some dirty pagecache, some IO which another task has been accounted
1440for (in its write_bytes) will not be happening. We _could_ just subtract that
1441from the truncating task's write_bytes, but there is information loss in doing
1442that.
1443
1444
1445Note
1446----
1447
1448At its current implementation state, this is a bit racy on 32-bit machines: if
1449process A reads process B's /proc/pid/io while process B is updating one of
1450those 64-bit counters, process A could see an intermediate result.
1451
1452
1453More information about this can be found within the taskstats documentation in
1454Documentation/accounting.
1455
14563.4 /proc/<pid>/coredump_filter - Core dump filtering settings
1457---------------------------------------------------------------
1458When a process is dumped, all anonymous memory is written to a core file as
1459long as the size of the core file isn't limited. But sometimes we don't want
1460to dump some memory segments, for example, huge shared memory. Conversely,
1461sometimes we want to save file-backed memory segments into a core file, not
1462only the individual files.
1463
1464/proc/<pid>/coredump_filter allows you to customize which memory segments
1465will be dumped when the <pid> process is dumped. coredump_filter is a bitmask
1466of memory types. If a bit of the bitmask is set, memory segments of the
1467corresponding memory type are dumped, otherwise they are not dumped.
1468
1469The following 7 memory types are supported:
1470 - (bit 0) anonymous private memory
1471 - (bit 1) anonymous shared memory
1472 - (bit 2) file-backed private memory
1473 - (bit 3) file-backed shared memory
1474 - (bit 4) ELF header pages in file-backed private memory areas (it is
1475 effective only if the bit 2 is cleared)
1476 - (bit 5) hugetlb private memory
1477 - (bit 6) hugetlb shared memory
1478
1479 Note that MMIO pages such as frame buffer are never dumped and vDSO pages
1480 are always dumped regardless of the bitmask status.
1481
1482 Note bit 0-4 doesn't effect any hugetlb memory. hugetlb memory are only
1483 effected by bit 5-6.
1484
1485Default value of coredump_filter is 0x23; this means all anonymous memory
1486segments and hugetlb private memory are dumped.
1487
1488If you don't want to dump all shared memory segments attached to pid 1234,
1489write 0x21 to the process's proc file.
1490
1491 $ echo 0x21 > /proc/1234/coredump_filter
1492
1493When a new process is created, the process inherits the bitmask status from its
1494parent. It is useful to set up coredump_filter before the program runs.
1495For example:
1496
1497 $ echo 0x7 > /proc/self/coredump_filter
1498 $ ./some_program
1499
15003.5 /proc/<pid>/mountinfo - Information about mounts
1501--------------------------------------------------------
1502
1503This file contains lines of the form:
1504
150536 35 98:0 /mnt1 /mnt2 rw,noatime master:1 - ext3 /dev/root rw,errors=continue
1506(1)(2)(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
1507
1508(1) mount ID: unique identifier of the mount (may be reused after umount)
1509(2) parent ID: ID of parent (or of self for the top of the mount tree)
1510(3) major:minor: value of st_dev for files on filesystem
1511(4) root: root of the mount within the filesystem
1512(5) mount point: mount point relative to the process's root
1513(6) mount options: per mount options
1514(7) optional fields: zero or more fields of the form "tag[:value]"
1515(8) separator: marks the end of the optional fields
1516(9) filesystem type: name of filesystem of the form "type[.subtype]"
1517(10) mount source: filesystem specific information or "none"
1518(11) super options: per super block options
1519
1520Parsers should ignore all unrecognised optional fields. Currently the
1521possible optional fields are:
1522
1523shared:X mount is shared in peer group X
1524master:X mount is slave to peer group X
1525propagate_from:X mount is slave and receives propagation from peer group X (*)
1526unbindable mount is unbindable
1527
1528(*) X is the closest dominant peer group under the process's root. If
1529X is the immediate master of the mount, or if there's no dominant peer
1530group under the same root, then only the "master:X" field is present
1531and not the "propagate_from:X" field.
1532
1533For more information on mount propagation see:
1534
1535 Documentation/filesystems/sharedsubtree.txt
1536
1537
15383.6 /proc/<pid>/comm & /proc/<pid>/task/<tid>/comm
1539--------------------------------------------------------
1540These files provide a method to access a tasks comm value. It also allows for
1541a task to set its own or one of its thread siblings comm value. The comm value
1542is limited in size compared to the cmdline value, so writing anything longer
1543then the kernel's TASK_COMM_LEN (currently 16 chars) will result in a truncated
1544comm value.