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v3.15
  1/*
  2 * Memory subsystem support
  3 *
  4 * Written by Matt Tolentino <matthew.e.tolentino@intel.com>
  5 *            Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
  6 *
  7 * This file provides the necessary infrastructure to represent
  8 * a SPARSEMEM-memory-model system's physical memory in /sysfs.
  9 * All arch-independent code that assumes MEMORY_HOTPLUG requires
 10 * SPARSEMEM should be contained here, or in mm/memory_hotplug.c.
 11 */
 12
 13#include <linux/module.h>
 14#include <linux/init.h>
 15#include <linux/topology.h>
 16#include <linux/capability.h>
 17#include <linux/device.h>
 18#include <linux/memory.h>
 19#include <linux/memory_hotplug.h>
 20#include <linux/mm.h>
 21#include <linux/mutex.h>
 22#include <linux/stat.h>
 23#include <linux/slab.h>
 24
 25#include <linux/atomic.h>
 26#include <asm/uaccess.h>
 27
 28static DEFINE_MUTEX(mem_sysfs_mutex);
 29
 30#define MEMORY_CLASS_NAME	"memory"
 31
 32#define to_memory_block(dev) container_of(dev, struct memory_block, dev)
 33
 34static int sections_per_block;
 35
 36static inline int base_memory_block_id(int section_nr)
 37{
 38	return section_nr / sections_per_block;
 39}
 40
 41static int memory_subsys_online(struct device *dev);
 42static int memory_subsys_offline(struct device *dev);
 43
 44static struct bus_type memory_subsys = {
 45	.name = MEMORY_CLASS_NAME,
 46	.dev_name = MEMORY_CLASS_NAME,
 47	.online = memory_subsys_online,
 48	.offline = memory_subsys_offline,
 49};
 50
 51static BLOCKING_NOTIFIER_HEAD(memory_chain);
 52
 53int register_memory_notifier(struct notifier_block *nb)
 54{
 55        return blocking_notifier_chain_register(&memory_chain, nb);
 56}
 57EXPORT_SYMBOL(register_memory_notifier);
 58
 59void unregister_memory_notifier(struct notifier_block *nb)
 60{
 61        blocking_notifier_chain_unregister(&memory_chain, nb);
 62}
 63EXPORT_SYMBOL(unregister_memory_notifier);
 64
 65static ATOMIC_NOTIFIER_HEAD(memory_isolate_chain);
 66
 67int register_memory_isolate_notifier(struct notifier_block *nb)
 68{
 69	return atomic_notifier_chain_register(&memory_isolate_chain, nb);
 70}
 71EXPORT_SYMBOL(register_memory_isolate_notifier);
 72
 73void unregister_memory_isolate_notifier(struct notifier_block *nb)
 74{
 75	atomic_notifier_chain_unregister(&memory_isolate_chain, nb);
 76}
 77EXPORT_SYMBOL(unregister_memory_isolate_notifier);
 78
 79static void memory_block_release(struct device *dev)
 80{
 81	struct memory_block *mem = to_memory_block(dev);
 82
 83	kfree(mem);
 84}
 85
 86unsigned long __weak memory_block_size_bytes(void)
 87{
 88	return MIN_MEMORY_BLOCK_SIZE;
 89}
 90
 91static unsigned long get_memory_block_size(void)
 92{
 93	unsigned long block_sz;
 94
 95	block_sz = memory_block_size_bytes();
 96
 97	/* Validate blk_sz is a power of 2 and not less than section size */
 98	if ((block_sz & (block_sz - 1)) || (block_sz < MIN_MEMORY_BLOCK_SIZE)) {
 99		WARN_ON(1);
100		block_sz = MIN_MEMORY_BLOCK_SIZE;
101	}
102
103	return block_sz;
104}
105
106/*
107 * use this as the physical section index that this memsection
108 * uses.
109 */
110
111static ssize_t show_mem_start_phys_index(struct device *dev,
112			struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
113{
114	struct memory_block *mem = to_memory_block(dev);
115	unsigned long phys_index;
116
117	phys_index = mem->start_section_nr / sections_per_block;
118	return sprintf(buf, "%08lx\n", phys_index);
119}
120
121static ssize_t show_mem_end_phys_index(struct device *dev,
122			struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
123{
124	struct memory_block *mem = to_memory_block(dev);
125	unsigned long phys_index;
126
127	phys_index = mem->end_section_nr / sections_per_block;
128	return sprintf(buf, "%08lx\n", phys_index);
129}
130
131/*
132 * Show whether the section of memory is likely to be hot-removable
133 */
134static ssize_t show_mem_removable(struct device *dev,
135			struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
136{
137	unsigned long i, pfn;
138	int ret = 1;
139	struct memory_block *mem = to_memory_block(dev);
140
141	for (i = 0; i < sections_per_block; i++) {
142		if (!present_section_nr(mem->start_section_nr + i))
143			continue;
144		pfn = section_nr_to_pfn(mem->start_section_nr + i);
145		ret &= is_mem_section_removable(pfn, PAGES_PER_SECTION);
146	}
147
148	return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", ret);
149}
150
151/*
152 * online, offline, going offline, etc.
153 */
154static ssize_t show_mem_state(struct device *dev,
155			struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
156{
157	struct memory_block *mem = to_memory_block(dev);
158	ssize_t len = 0;
159
160	/*
161	 * We can probably put these states in a nice little array
162	 * so that they're not open-coded
163	 */
164	switch (mem->state) {
165		case MEM_ONLINE:
166			len = sprintf(buf, "online\n");
167			break;
168		case MEM_OFFLINE:
169			len = sprintf(buf, "offline\n");
170			break;
171		case MEM_GOING_OFFLINE:
172			len = sprintf(buf, "going-offline\n");
173			break;
174		default:
175			len = sprintf(buf, "ERROR-UNKNOWN-%ld\n",
176					mem->state);
177			WARN_ON(1);
178			break;
179	}
180
181	return len;
182}
183
184int memory_notify(unsigned long val, void *v)
185{
186	return blocking_notifier_call_chain(&memory_chain, val, v);
187}
188
189int memory_isolate_notify(unsigned long val, void *v)
190{
191	return atomic_notifier_call_chain(&memory_isolate_chain, val, v);
192}
193
194/*
195 * The probe routines leave the pages reserved, just as the bootmem code does.
196 * Make sure they're still that way.
197 */
198static bool pages_correctly_reserved(unsigned long start_pfn)
199{
200	int i, j;
201	struct page *page;
202	unsigned long pfn = start_pfn;
203
204	/*
205	 * memmap between sections is not contiguous except with
206	 * SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP. We lookup the page once per section
207	 * and assume memmap is contiguous within each section
208	 */
209	for (i = 0; i < sections_per_block; i++, pfn += PAGES_PER_SECTION) {
210		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!pfn_valid(pfn)))
211			return false;
212		page = pfn_to_page(pfn);
213
214		for (j = 0; j < PAGES_PER_SECTION; j++) {
215			if (PageReserved(page + j))
216				continue;
217
218			printk(KERN_WARNING "section number %ld page number %d "
219				"not reserved, was it already online?\n",
220				pfn_to_section_nr(pfn), j);
221
222			return false;
223		}
224	}
225
226	return true;
227}
228
229/*
230 * MEMORY_HOTPLUG depends on SPARSEMEM in mm/Kconfig, so it is
231 * OK to have direct references to sparsemem variables in here.
 
232 */
233static int
234memory_block_action(unsigned long phys_index, unsigned long action, int online_type)
235{
236	unsigned long start_pfn;
237	unsigned long nr_pages = PAGES_PER_SECTION * sections_per_block;
238	struct page *first_page;
239	int ret;
240
241	first_page = pfn_to_page(phys_index << PFN_SECTION_SHIFT);
242	start_pfn = page_to_pfn(first_page);
243
244	switch (action) {
245		case MEM_ONLINE:
246			if (!pages_correctly_reserved(start_pfn))
247				return -EBUSY;
248
249			ret = online_pages(start_pfn, nr_pages, online_type);
250			break;
251		case MEM_OFFLINE:
252			ret = offline_pages(start_pfn, nr_pages);
253			break;
254		default:
255			WARN(1, KERN_WARNING "%s(%ld, %ld) unknown action: "
256			     "%ld\n", __func__, phys_index, action, action);
257			ret = -EINVAL;
258	}
259
260	return ret;
261}
262
263static int memory_block_change_state(struct memory_block *mem,
264		unsigned long to_state, unsigned long from_state_req)
265{
266	int ret = 0;
267
268	if (mem->state != from_state_req)
269		return -EINVAL;
270
271	if (to_state == MEM_OFFLINE)
272		mem->state = MEM_GOING_OFFLINE;
273
274	ret = memory_block_action(mem->start_section_nr, to_state,
275				mem->online_type);
276
277	mem->state = ret ? from_state_req : to_state;
278
279	return ret;
280}
281
282/* The device lock serializes operations on memory_subsys_[online|offline] */
283static int memory_subsys_online(struct device *dev)
284{
285	struct memory_block *mem = to_memory_block(dev);
286	int ret;
287
288	if (mem->state == MEM_ONLINE)
289		return 0;
290
291	/*
292	 * If we are called from store_mem_state(), online_type will be
293	 * set >= 0 Otherwise we were called from the device online
294	 * attribute and need to set the online_type.
295	 */
296	if (mem->online_type < 0)
297		mem->online_type = ONLINE_KEEP;
298
 
299	ret = memory_block_change_state(mem, MEM_ONLINE, MEM_OFFLINE);
300
301	/* clear online_type */
302	mem->online_type = -1;
303
304	return ret;
305}
306
307static int memory_subsys_offline(struct device *dev)
308{
309	struct memory_block *mem = to_memory_block(dev);
310
311	if (mem->state == MEM_OFFLINE)
312		return 0;
313
 
 
 
 
314	return memory_block_change_state(mem, MEM_OFFLINE, MEM_ONLINE);
315}
316
317static ssize_t
318store_mem_state(struct device *dev,
319		struct device_attribute *attr, const char *buf, size_t count)
320{
321	struct memory_block *mem = to_memory_block(dev);
322	int ret, online_type;
323
324	ret = lock_device_hotplug_sysfs();
325	if (ret)
326		return ret;
327
328	if (!strncmp(buf, "online_kernel", min_t(int, count, 13)))
329		online_type = ONLINE_KERNEL;
330	else if (!strncmp(buf, "online_movable", min_t(int, count, 14)))
331		online_type = ONLINE_MOVABLE;
332	else if (!strncmp(buf, "online", min_t(int, count, 6)))
333		online_type = ONLINE_KEEP;
334	else if (!strncmp(buf, "offline", min_t(int, count, 7)))
335		online_type = -1;
336	else {
337		ret = -EINVAL;
338		goto err;
339	}
340
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
341	switch (online_type) {
342	case ONLINE_KERNEL:
343	case ONLINE_MOVABLE:
344	case ONLINE_KEEP:
345		/*
346		 * mem->online_type is not protected so there can be a
347		 * race here.  However, when racing online, the first
348		 * will succeed and the second will just return as the
349		 * block will already be online.  The online type
350		 * could be either one, but that is expected.
351		 */
352		mem->online_type = online_type;
353		ret = device_online(&mem->dev);
354		break;
355	case -1:
356		ret = device_offline(&mem->dev);
357		break;
358	default:
359		ret = -EINVAL; /* should never happen */
360	}
361
 
362err:
363	unlock_device_hotplug();
364
365	if (ret)
366		return ret;
367	return count;
368}
369
370/*
371 * phys_device is a bad name for this.  What I really want
372 * is a way to differentiate between memory ranges that
373 * are part of physical devices that constitute
374 * a complete removable unit or fru.
375 * i.e. do these ranges belong to the same physical device,
376 * s.t. if I offline all of these sections I can then
377 * remove the physical device?
378 */
379static ssize_t show_phys_device(struct device *dev,
380				struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
381{
382	struct memory_block *mem = to_memory_block(dev);
383	return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", mem->phys_device);
384}
385
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
386static DEVICE_ATTR(phys_index, 0444, show_mem_start_phys_index, NULL);
387static DEVICE_ATTR(end_phys_index, 0444, show_mem_end_phys_index, NULL);
388static DEVICE_ATTR(state, 0644, show_mem_state, store_mem_state);
389static DEVICE_ATTR(phys_device, 0444, show_phys_device, NULL);
390static DEVICE_ATTR(removable, 0444, show_mem_removable, NULL);
391
392/*
393 * Block size attribute stuff
394 */
395static ssize_t
396print_block_size(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
397		 char *buf)
398{
399	return sprintf(buf, "%lx\n", get_memory_block_size());
400}
401
402static DEVICE_ATTR(block_size_bytes, 0444, print_block_size, NULL);
403
404/*
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
405 * Some architectures will have custom drivers to do this, and
406 * will not need to do it from userspace.  The fake hot-add code
407 * as well as ppc64 will do all of their discovery in userspace
408 * and will require this interface.
409 */
410#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_MEMORY_PROBE
411static ssize_t
412memory_probe_store(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
413		   const char *buf, size_t count)
414{
415	u64 phys_addr;
416	int nid;
417	int i, ret;
418	unsigned long pages_per_block = PAGES_PER_SECTION * sections_per_block;
419
420	phys_addr = simple_strtoull(buf, NULL, 0);
 
 
421
422	if (phys_addr & ((pages_per_block << PAGE_SHIFT) - 1))
423		return -EINVAL;
424
425	for (i = 0; i < sections_per_block; i++) {
426		nid = memory_add_physaddr_to_nid(phys_addr);
427		ret = add_memory(nid, phys_addr,
428				 PAGES_PER_SECTION << PAGE_SHIFT);
429		if (ret)
430			goto out;
431
432		phys_addr += MIN_MEMORY_BLOCK_SIZE;
433	}
434
435	ret = count;
436out:
437	return ret;
438}
439
440static DEVICE_ATTR(probe, S_IWUSR, NULL, memory_probe_store);
441#endif
442
443#ifdef CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE
444/*
445 * Support for offlining pages of memory
446 */
447
448/* Soft offline a page */
449static ssize_t
450store_soft_offline_page(struct device *dev,
451			struct device_attribute *attr,
452			const char *buf, size_t count)
453{
454	int ret;
455	u64 pfn;
456	if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
457		return -EPERM;
458	if (kstrtoull(buf, 0, &pfn) < 0)
459		return -EINVAL;
460	pfn >>= PAGE_SHIFT;
461	if (!pfn_valid(pfn))
462		return -ENXIO;
463	ret = soft_offline_page(pfn_to_page(pfn), 0);
464	return ret == 0 ? count : ret;
465}
466
467/* Forcibly offline a page, including killing processes. */
468static ssize_t
469store_hard_offline_page(struct device *dev,
470			struct device_attribute *attr,
471			const char *buf, size_t count)
472{
473	int ret;
474	u64 pfn;
475	if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
476		return -EPERM;
477	if (kstrtoull(buf, 0, &pfn) < 0)
478		return -EINVAL;
479	pfn >>= PAGE_SHIFT;
480	ret = memory_failure(pfn, 0, 0);
481	return ret ? ret : count;
482}
483
484static DEVICE_ATTR(soft_offline_page, S_IWUSR, NULL, store_soft_offline_page);
485static DEVICE_ATTR(hard_offline_page, S_IWUSR, NULL, store_hard_offline_page);
486#endif
487
488/*
489 * Note that phys_device is optional.  It is here to allow for
490 * differentiation between which *physical* devices each
491 * section belongs to...
492 */
493int __weak arch_get_memory_phys_device(unsigned long start_pfn)
494{
495	return 0;
496}
497
498/*
499 * A reference for the returned object is held and the reference for the
500 * hinted object is released.
501 */
502struct memory_block *find_memory_block_hinted(struct mem_section *section,
503					      struct memory_block *hint)
504{
505	int block_id = base_memory_block_id(__section_nr(section));
506	struct device *hintdev = hint ? &hint->dev : NULL;
507	struct device *dev;
508
509	dev = subsys_find_device_by_id(&memory_subsys, block_id, hintdev);
510	if (hint)
511		put_device(&hint->dev);
512	if (!dev)
513		return NULL;
514	return to_memory_block(dev);
515}
516
517/*
518 * For now, we have a linear search to go find the appropriate
519 * memory_block corresponding to a particular phys_index. If
520 * this gets to be a real problem, we can always use a radix
521 * tree or something here.
522 *
523 * This could be made generic for all device subsystems.
524 */
525struct memory_block *find_memory_block(struct mem_section *section)
526{
527	return find_memory_block_hinted(section, NULL);
528}
529
530static struct attribute *memory_memblk_attrs[] = {
531	&dev_attr_phys_index.attr,
532	&dev_attr_end_phys_index.attr,
533	&dev_attr_state.attr,
534	&dev_attr_phys_device.attr,
535	&dev_attr_removable.attr,
 
 
 
536	NULL
537};
538
539static struct attribute_group memory_memblk_attr_group = {
540	.attrs = memory_memblk_attrs,
541};
542
543static const struct attribute_group *memory_memblk_attr_groups[] = {
544	&memory_memblk_attr_group,
545	NULL,
546};
547
548/*
549 * register_memory - Setup a sysfs device for a memory block
550 */
551static
552int register_memory(struct memory_block *memory)
553{
554	memory->dev.bus = &memory_subsys;
555	memory->dev.id = memory->start_section_nr / sections_per_block;
556	memory->dev.release = memory_block_release;
557	memory->dev.groups = memory_memblk_attr_groups;
558	memory->dev.offline = memory->state == MEM_OFFLINE;
559
560	return device_register(&memory->dev);
561}
562
563static int init_memory_block(struct memory_block **memory,
564			     struct mem_section *section, unsigned long state)
565{
566	struct memory_block *mem;
567	unsigned long start_pfn;
568	int scn_nr;
569	int ret = 0;
570
571	mem = kzalloc(sizeof(*mem), GFP_KERNEL);
572	if (!mem)
573		return -ENOMEM;
574
575	scn_nr = __section_nr(section);
576	mem->start_section_nr =
577			base_memory_block_id(scn_nr) * sections_per_block;
578	mem->end_section_nr = mem->start_section_nr + sections_per_block - 1;
579	mem->state = state;
580	mem->section_count++;
581	start_pfn = section_nr_to_pfn(mem->start_section_nr);
582	mem->phys_device = arch_get_memory_phys_device(start_pfn);
583
584	ret = register_memory(mem);
585
586	*memory = mem;
587	return ret;
588}
589
590static int add_memory_block(int base_section_nr)
591{
592	struct memory_block *mem;
593	int i, ret, section_count = 0, section_nr;
594
595	for (i = base_section_nr;
596	     (i < base_section_nr + sections_per_block) && i < NR_MEM_SECTIONS;
597	     i++) {
598		if (!present_section_nr(i))
599			continue;
600		if (section_count == 0)
601			section_nr = i;
602		section_count++;
603	}
604
605	if (section_count == 0)
606		return 0;
607	ret = init_memory_block(&mem, __nr_to_section(section_nr), MEM_ONLINE);
608	if (ret)
609		return ret;
610	mem->section_count = section_count;
611	return 0;
612}
613
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
614
615/*
616 * need an interface for the VM to add new memory regions,
617 * but without onlining it.
618 */
619int register_new_memory(int nid, struct mem_section *section)
620{
621	int ret = 0;
622	struct memory_block *mem;
623
 
 
 
624	mutex_lock(&mem_sysfs_mutex);
625
626	mem = find_memory_block(section);
627	if (mem) {
628		mem->section_count++;
629		put_device(&mem->dev);
630	} else {
631		ret = init_memory_block(&mem, section, MEM_OFFLINE);
632		if (ret)
633			goto out;
 
634	}
635
636	if (mem->section_count == sections_per_block)
637		ret = register_mem_sect_under_node(mem, nid);
638out:
639	mutex_unlock(&mem_sysfs_mutex);
640	return ret;
641}
642
643#ifdef CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTREMOVE
644static void
645unregister_memory(struct memory_block *memory)
646{
647	BUG_ON(memory->dev.bus != &memory_subsys);
648
649	/* drop the ref. we got in remove_memory_block() */
650	put_device(&memory->dev);
651	device_unregister(&memory->dev);
652}
653
654static int remove_memory_block(unsigned long node_id,
655			       struct mem_section *section, int phys_device)
656{
657	struct memory_block *mem;
658
 
 
 
659	mutex_lock(&mem_sysfs_mutex);
660	mem = find_memory_block(section);
661	unregister_mem_sect_under_nodes(mem, __section_nr(section));
662
663	mem->section_count--;
664	if (mem->section_count == 0)
665		unregister_memory(mem);
666	else
667		put_device(&mem->dev);
668
669	mutex_unlock(&mem_sysfs_mutex);
670	return 0;
671}
672
673int unregister_memory_section(struct mem_section *section)
674{
675	if (!present_section(section))
676		return -EINVAL;
677
678	return remove_memory_block(0, section, 0);
679}
680#endif /* CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTREMOVE */
681
682/* return true if the memory block is offlined, otherwise, return false */
683bool is_memblock_offlined(struct memory_block *mem)
684{
685	return mem->state == MEM_OFFLINE;
686}
687
688static struct attribute *memory_root_attrs[] = {
689#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_MEMORY_PROBE
690	&dev_attr_probe.attr,
691#endif
692
693#ifdef CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE
694	&dev_attr_soft_offline_page.attr,
695	&dev_attr_hard_offline_page.attr,
696#endif
697
698	&dev_attr_block_size_bytes.attr,
 
699	NULL
700};
701
702static struct attribute_group memory_root_attr_group = {
703	.attrs = memory_root_attrs,
704};
705
706static const struct attribute_group *memory_root_attr_groups[] = {
707	&memory_root_attr_group,
708	NULL,
709};
710
711/*
712 * Initialize the sysfs support for memory devices...
713 */
714int __init memory_dev_init(void)
715{
716	unsigned int i;
717	int ret;
718	int err;
719	unsigned long block_sz;
720
721	ret = subsys_system_register(&memory_subsys, memory_root_attr_groups);
722	if (ret)
723		goto out;
724
725	block_sz = get_memory_block_size();
726	sections_per_block = block_sz / MIN_MEMORY_BLOCK_SIZE;
727
728	/*
729	 * Create entries for memory sections that were found
730	 * during boot and have been initialized
731	 */
732	mutex_lock(&mem_sysfs_mutex);
733	for (i = 0; i < NR_MEM_SECTIONS; i += sections_per_block) {
734		err = add_memory_block(i);
735		if (!ret)
736			ret = err;
737	}
738	mutex_unlock(&mem_sysfs_mutex);
739
740out:
741	if (ret)
742		printk(KERN_ERR "%s() failed: %d\n", __func__, ret);
743	return ret;
744}
v4.6
  1/*
  2 * Memory subsystem support
  3 *
  4 * Written by Matt Tolentino <matthew.e.tolentino@intel.com>
  5 *            Dave Hansen <haveblue@us.ibm.com>
  6 *
  7 * This file provides the necessary infrastructure to represent
  8 * a SPARSEMEM-memory-model system's physical memory in /sysfs.
  9 * All arch-independent code that assumes MEMORY_HOTPLUG requires
 10 * SPARSEMEM should be contained here, or in mm/memory_hotplug.c.
 11 */
 12
 13#include <linux/module.h>
 14#include <linux/init.h>
 15#include <linux/topology.h>
 16#include <linux/capability.h>
 17#include <linux/device.h>
 18#include <linux/memory.h>
 19#include <linux/memory_hotplug.h>
 20#include <linux/mm.h>
 21#include <linux/mutex.h>
 22#include <linux/stat.h>
 23#include <linux/slab.h>
 24
 25#include <linux/atomic.h>
 26#include <asm/uaccess.h>
 27
 28static DEFINE_MUTEX(mem_sysfs_mutex);
 29
 30#define MEMORY_CLASS_NAME	"memory"
 31
 32#define to_memory_block(dev) container_of(dev, struct memory_block, dev)
 33
 34static int sections_per_block;
 35
 36static inline int base_memory_block_id(int section_nr)
 37{
 38	return section_nr / sections_per_block;
 39}
 40
 41static int memory_subsys_online(struct device *dev);
 42static int memory_subsys_offline(struct device *dev);
 43
 44static struct bus_type memory_subsys = {
 45	.name = MEMORY_CLASS_NAME,
 46	.dev_name = MEMORY_CLASS_NAME,
 47	.online = memory_subsys_online,
 48	.offline = memory_subsys_offline,
 49};
 50
 51static BLOCKING_NOTIFIER_HEAD(memory_chain);
 52
 53int register_memory_notifier(struct notifier_block *nb)
 54{
 55	return blocking_notifier_chain_register(&memory_chain, nb);
 56}
 57EXPORT_SYMBOL(register_memory_notifier);
 58
 59void unregister_memory_notifier(struct notifier_block *nb)
 60{
 61	blocking_notifier_chain_unregister(&memory_chain, nb);
 62}
 63EXPORT_SYMBOL(unregister_memory_notifier);
 64
 65static ATOMIC_NOTIFIER_HEAD(memory_isolate_chain);
 66
 67int register_memory_isolate_notifier(struct notifier_block *nb)
 68{
 69	return atomic_notifier_chain_register(&memory_isolate_chain, nb);
 70}
 71EXPORT_SYMBOL(register_memory_isolate_notifier);
 72
 73void unregister_memory_isolate_notifier(struct notifier_block *nb)
 74{
 75	atomic_notifier_chain_unregister(&memory_isolate_chain, nb);
 76}
 77EXPORT_SYMBOL(unregister_memory_isolate_notifier);
 78
 79static void memory_block_release(struct device *dev)
 80{
 81	struct memory_block *mem = to_memory_block(dev);
 82
 83	kfree(mem);
 84}
 85
 86unsigned long __weak memory_block_size_bytes(void)
 87{
 88	return MIN_MEMORY_BLOCK_SIZE;
 89}
 90
 91static unsigned long get_memory_block_size(void)
 92{
 93	unsigned long block_sz;
 94
 95	block_sz = memory_block_size_bytes();
 96
 97	/* Validate blk_sz is a power of 2 and not less than section size */
 98	if ((block_sz & (block_sz - 1)) || (block_sz < MIN_MEMORY_BLOCK_SIZE)) {
 99		WARN_ON(1);
100		block_sz = MIN_MEMORY_BLOCK_SIZE;
101	}
102
103	return block_sz;
104}
105
106/*
107 * use this as the physical section index that this memsection
108 * uses.
109 */
110
111static ssize_t show_mem_start_phys_index(struct device *dev,
112			struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
113{
114	struct memory_block *mem = to_memory_block(dev);
115	unsigned long phys_index;
116
117	phys_index = mem->start_section_nr / sections_per_block;
118	return sprintf(buf, "%08lx\n", phys_index);
119}
120
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
121/*
122 * Show whether the section of memory is likely to be hot-removable
123 */
124static ssize_t show_mem_removable(struct device *dev,
125			struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
126{
127	unsigned long i, pfn;
128	int ret = 1;
129	struct memory_block *mem = to_memory_block(dev);
130
131	for (i = 0; i < sections_per_block; i++) {
132		if (!present_section_nr(mem->start_section_nr + i))
133			continue;
134		pfn = section_nr_to_pfn(mem->start_section_nr + i);
135		ret &= is_mem_section_removable(pfn, PAGES_PER_SECTION);
136	}
137
138	return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", ret);
139}
140
141/*
142 * online, offline, going offline, etc.
143 */
144static ssize_t show_mem_state(struct device *dev,
145			struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
146{
147	struct memory_block *mem = to_memory_block(dev);
148	ssize_t len = 0;
149
150	/*
151	 * We can probably put these states in a nice little array
152	 * so that they're not open-coded
153	 */
154	switch (mem->state) {
155	case MEM_ONLINE:
156		len = sprintf(buf, "online\n");
157		break;
158	case MEM_OFFLINE:
159		len = sprintf(buf, "offline\n");
160		break;
161	case MEM_GOING_OFFLINE:
162		len = sprintf(buf, "going-offline\n");
163		break;
164	default:
165		len = sprintf(buf, "ERROR-UNKNOWN-%ld\n",
166				mem->state);
167		WARN_ON(1);
168		break;
169	}
170
171	return len;
172}
173
174int memory_notify(unsigned long val, void *v)
175{
176	return blocking_notifier_call_chain(&memory_chain, val, v);
177}
178
179int memory_isolate_notify(unsigned long val, void *v)
180{
181	return atomic_notifier_call_chain(&memory_isolate_chain, val, v);
182}
183
184/*
185 * The probe routines leave the pages reserved, just as the bootmem code does.
186 * Make sure they're still that way.
187 */
188static bool pages_correctly_reserved(unsigned long start_pfn)
189{
190	int i, j;
191	struct page *page;
192	unsigned long pfn = start_pfn;
193
194	/*
195	 * memmap between sections is not contiguous except with
196	 * SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP. We lookup the page once per section
197	 * and assume memmap is contiguous within each section
198	 */
199	for (i = 0; i < sections_per_block; i++, pfn += PAGES_PER_SECTION) {
200		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!pfn_valid(pfn)))
201			return false;
202		page = pfn_to_page(pfn);
203
204		for (j = 0; j < PAGES_PER_SECTION; j++) {
205			if (PageReserved(page + j))
206				continue;
207
208			printk(KERN_WARNING "section number %ld page number %d "
209				"not reserved, was it already online?\n",
210				pfn_to_section_nr(pfn), j);
211
212			return false;
213		}
214	}
215
216	return true;
217}
218
219/*
220 * MEMORY_HOTPLUG depends on SPARSEMEM in mm/Kconfig, so it is
221 * OK to have direct references to sparsemem variables in here.
222 * Must already be protected by mem_hotplug_begin().
223 */
224static int
225memory_block_action(unsigned long phys_index, unsigned long action, int online_type)
226{
227	unsigned long start_pfn;
228	unsigned long nr_pages = PAGES_PER_SECTION * sections_per_block;
229	struct page *first_page;
230	int ret;
231
232	start_pfn = section_nr_to_pfn(phys_index);
233	first_page = pfn_to_page(start_pfn);
234
235	switch (action) {
236	case MEM_ONLINE:
237		if (!pages_correctly_reserved(start_pfn))
238			return -EBUSY;
239
240		ret = online_pages(start_pfn, nr_pages, online_type);
241		break;
242	case MEM_OFFLINE:
243		ret = offline_pages(start_pfn, nr_pages);
244		break;
245	default:
246		WARN(1, KERN_WARNING "%s(%ld, %ld) unknown action: "
247		     "%ld\n", __func__, phys_index, action, action);
248		ret = -EINVAL;
249	}
250
251	return ret;
252}
253
254int memory_block_change_state(struct memory_block *mem,
255		unsigned long to_state, unsigned long from_state_req)
256{
257	int ret = 0;
258
259	if (mem->state != from_state_req)
260		return -EINVAL;
261
262	if (to_state == MEM_OFFLINE)
263		mem->state = MEM_GOING_OFFLINE;
264
265	ret = memory_block_action(mem->start_section_nr, to_state,
266				mem->online_type);
267
268	mem->state = ret ? from_state_req : to_state;
269
270	return ret;
271}
272
273/* The device lock serializes operations on memory_subsys_[online|offline] */
274static int memory_subsys_online(struct device *dev)
275{
276	struct memory_block *mem = to_memory_block(dev);
277	int ret;
278
279	if (mem->state == MEM_ONLINE)
280		return 0;
281
282	/*
283	 * If we are called from store_mem_state(), online_type will be
284	 * set >= 0 Otherwise we were called from the device online
285	 * attribute and need to set the online_type.
286	 */
287	if (mem->online_type < 0)
288		mem->online_type = MMOP_ONLINE_KEEP;
289
290	/* Already under protection of mem_hotplug_begin() */
291	ret = memory_block_change_state(mem, MEM_ONLINE, MEM_OFFLINE);
292
293	/* clear online_type */
294	mem->online_type = -1;
295
296	return ret;
297}
298
299static int memory_subsys_offline(struct device *dev)
300{
301	struct memory_block *mem = to_memory_block(dev);
302
303	if (mem->state == MEM_OFFLINE)
304		return 0;
305
306	/* Can't offline block with non-present sections */
307	if (mem->section_count != sections_per_block)
308		return -EINVAL;
309
310	return memory_block_change_state(mem, MEM_OFFLINE, MEM_ONLINE);
311}
312
313static ssize_t
314store_mem_state(struct device *dev,
315		struct device_attribute *attr, const char *buf, size_t count)
316{
317	struct memory_block *mem = to_memory_block(dev);
318	int ret, online_type;
319
320	ret = lock_device_hotplug_sysfs();
321	if (ret)
322		return ret;
323
324	if (sysfs_streq(buf, "online_kernel"))
325		online_type = MMOP_ONLINE_KERNEL;
326	else if (sysfs_streq(buf, "online_movable"))
327		online_type = MMOP_ONLINE_MOVABLE;
328	else if (sysfs_streq(buf, "online"))
329		online_type = MMOP_ONLINE_KEEP;
330	else if (sysfs_streq(buf, "offline"))
331		online_type = MMOP_OFFLINE;
332	else {
333		ret = -EINVAL;
334		goto err;
335	}
336
337	/*
338	 * Memory hotplug needs to hold mem_hotplug_begin() for probe to find
339	 * the correct memory block to online before doing device_online(dev),
340	 * which will take dev->mutex.  Take the lock early to prevent an
341	 * inversion, memory_subsys_online() callbacks will be implemented by
342	 * assuming it's already protected.
343	 */
344	mem_hotplug_begin();
345
346	switch (online_type) {
347	case MMOP_ONLINE_KERNEL:
348	case MMOP_ONLINE_MOVABLE:
349	case MMOP_ONLINE_KEEP:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
350		mem->online_type = online_type;
351		ret = device_online(&mem->dev);
352		break;
353	case MMOP_OFFLINE:
354		ret = device_offline(&mem->dev);
355		break;
356	default:
357		ret = -EINVAL; /* should never happen */
358	}
359
360	mem_hotplug_done();
361err:
362	unlock_device_hotplug();
363
364	if (ret)
365		return ret;
366	return count;
367}
368
369/*
370 * phys_device is a bad name for this.  What I really want
371 * is a way to differentiate between memory ranges that
372 * are part of physical devices that constitute
373 * a complete removable unit or fru.
374 * i.e. do these ranges belong to the same physical device,
375 * s.t. if I offline all of these sections I can then
376 * remove the physical device?
377 */
378static ssize_t show_phys_device(struct device *dev,
379				struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
380{
381	struct memory_block *mem = to_memory_block(dev);
382	return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", mem->phys_device);
383}
384
385#ifdef CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTREMOVE
386static ssize_t show_valid_zones(struct device *dev,
387				struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
388{
389	struct memory_block *mem = to_memory_block(dev);
390	unsigned long start_pfn, end_pfn;
391	unsigned long nr_pages = PAGES_PER_SECTION * sections_per_block;
392	struct page *first_page;
393	struct zone *zone;
394
395	start_pfn = section_nr_to_pfn(mem->start_section_nr);
396	end_pfn = start_pfn + nr_pages;
397	first_page = pfn_to_page(start_pfn);
398
399	/* The block contains more than one zone can not be offlined. */
400	if (!test_pages_in_a_zone(start_pfn, end_pfn))
401		return sprintf(buf, "none\n");
402
403	zone = page_zone(first_page);
404
405	if (zone_idx(zone) == ZONE_MOVABLE - 1) {
406		/*The mem block is the last memoryblock of this zone.*/
407		if (end_pfn == zone_end_pfn(zone))
408			return sprintf(buf, "%s %s\n",
409					zone->name, (zone + 1)->name);
410	}
411
412	if (zone_idx(zone) == ZONE_MOVABLE) {
413		/*The mem block is the first memoryblock of ZONE_MOVABLE.*/
414		if (start_pfn == zone->zone_start_pfn)
415			return sprintf(buf, "%s %s\n",
416					zone->name, (zone - 1)->name);
417	}
418
419	return sprintf(buf, "%s\n", zone->name);
420}
421static DEVICE_ATTR(valid_zones, 0444, show_valid_zones, NULL);
422#endif
423
424static DEVICE_ATTR(phys_index, 0444, show_mem_start_phys_index, NULL);
 
425static DEVICE_ATTR(state, 0644, show_mem_state, store_mem_state);
426static DEVICE_ATTR(phys_device, 0444, show_phys_device, NULL);
427static DEVICE_ATTR(removable, 0444, show_mem_removable, NULL);
428
429/*
430 * Block size attribute stuff
431 */
432static ssize_t
433print_block_size(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
434		 char *buf)
435{
436	return sprintf(buf, "%lx\n", get_memory_block_size());
437}
438
439static DEVICE_ATTR(block_size_bytes, 0444, print_block_size, NULL);
440
441/*
442 * Memory auto online policy.
443 */
444
445static ssize_t
446show_auto_online_blocks(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
447			char *buf)
448{
449	if (memhp_auto_online)
450		return sprintf(buf, "online\n");
451	else
452		return sprintf(buf, "offline\n");
453}
454
455static ssize_t
456store_auto_online_blocks(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
457			 const char *buf, size_t count)
458{
459	if (sysfs_streq(buf, "online"))
460		memhp_auto_online = true;
461	else if (sysfs_streq(buf, "offline"))
462		memhp_auto_online = false;
463	else
464		return -EINVAL;
465
466	return count;
467}
468
469static DEVICE_ATTR(auto_online_blocks, 0644, show_auto_online_blocks,
470		   store_auto_online_blocks);
471
472/*
473 * Some architectures will have custom drivers to do this, and
474 * will not need to do it from userspace.  The fake hot-add code
475 * as well as ppc64 will do all of their discovery in userspace
476 * and will require this interface.
477 */
478#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_MEMORY_PROBE
479static ssize_t
480memory_probe_store(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
481		   const char *buf, size_t count)
482{
483	u64 phys_addr;
484	int nid, ret;
 
485	unsigned long pages_per_block = PAGES_PER_SECTION * sections_per_block;
486
487	ret = kstrtoull(buf, 0, &phys_addr);
488	if (ret)
489		return ret;
490
491	if (phys_addr & ((pages_per_block << PAGE_SHIFT) - 1))
492		return -EINVAL;
493
494	nid = memory_add_physaddr_to_nid(phys_addr);
495	ret = add_memory(nid, phys_addr,
496			 MIN_MEMORY_BLOCK_SIZE * sections_per_block);
 
 
 
497
498	if (ret)
499		goto out;
500
501	ret = count;
502out:
503	return ret;
504}
505
506static DEVICE_ATTR(probe, S_IWUSR, NULL, memory_probe_store);
507#endif
508
509#ifdef CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE
510/*
511 * Support for offlining pages of memory
512 */
513
514/* Soft offline a page */
515static ssize_t
516store_soft_offline_page(struct device *dev,
517			struct device_attribute *attr,
518			const char *buf, size_t count)
519{
520	int ret;
521	u64 pfn;
522	if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
523		return -EPERM;
524	if (kstrtoull(buf, 0, &pfn) < 0)
525		return -EINVAL;
526	pfn >>= PAGE_SHIFT;
527	if (!pfn_valid(pfn))
528		return -ENXIO;
529	ret = soft_offline_page(pfn_to_page(pfn), 0);
530	return ret == 0 ? count : ret;
531}
532
533/* Forcibly offline a page, including killing processes. */
534static ssize_t
535store_hard_offline_page(struct device *dev,
536			struct device_attribute *attr,
537			const char *buf, size_t count)
538{
539	int ret;
540	u64 pfn;
541	if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
542		return -EPERM;
543	if (kstrtoull(buf, 0, &pfn) < 0)
544		return -EINVAL;
545	pfn >>= PAGE_SHIFT;
546	ret = memory_failure(pfn, 0, 0);
547	return ret ? ret : count;
548}
549
550static DEVICE_ATTR(soft_offline_page, S_IWUSR, NULL, store_soft_offline_page);
551static DEVICE_ATTR(hard_offline_page, S_IWUSR, NULL, store_hard_offline_page);
552#endif
553
554/*
555 * Note that phys_device is optional.  It is here to allow for
556 * differentiation between which *physical* devices each
557 * section belongs to...
558 */
559int __weak arch_get_memory_phys_device(unsigned long start_pfn)
560{
561	return 0;
562}
563
564/*
565 * A reference for the returned object is held and the reference for the
566 * hinted object is released.
567 */
568struct memory_block *find_memory_block_hinted(struct mem_section *section,
569					      struct memory_block *hint)
570{
571	int block_id = base_memory_block_id(__section_nr(section));
572	struct device *hintdev = hint ? &hint->dev : NULL;
573	struct device *dev;
574
575	dev = subsys_find_device_by_id(&memory_subsys, block_id, hintdev);
576	if (hint)
577		put_device(&hint->dev);
578	if (!dev)
579		return NULL;
580	return to_memory_block(dev);
581}
582
583/*
584 * For now, we have a linear search to go find the appropriate
585 * memory_block corresponding to a particular phys_index. If
586 * this gets to be a real problem, we can always use a radix
587 * tree or something here.
588 *
589 * This could be made generic for all device subsystems.
590 */
591struct memory_block *find_memory_block(struct mem_section *section)
592{
593	return find_memory_block_hinted(section, NULL);
594}
595
596static struct attribute *memory_memblk_attrs[] = {
597	&dev_attr_phys_index.attr,
 
598	&dev_attr_state.attr,
599	&dev_attr_phys_device.attr,
600	&dev_attr_removable.attr,
601#ifdef CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTREMOVE
602	&dev_attr_valid_zones.attr,
603#endif
604	NULL
605};
606
607static struct attribute_group memory_memblk_attr_group = {
608	.attrs = memory_memblk_attrs,
609};
610
611static const struct attribute_group *memory_memblk_attr_groups[] = {
612	&memory_memblk_attr_group,
613	NULL,
614};
615
616/*
617 * register_memory - Setup a sysfs device for a memory block
618 */
619static
620int register_memory(struct memory_block *memory)
621{
622	memory->dev.bus = &memory_subsys;
623	memory->dev.id = memory->start_section_nr / sections_per_block;
624	memory->dev.release = memory_block_release;
625	memory->dev.groups = memory_memblk_attr_groups;
626	memory->dev.offline = memory->state == MEM_OFFLINE;
627
628	return device_register(&memory->dev);
629}
630
631static int init_memory_block(struct memory_block **memory,
632			     struct mem_section *section, unsigned long state)
633{
634	struct memory_block *mem;
635	unsigned long start_pfn;
636	int scn_nr;
637	int ret = 0;
638
639	mem = kzalloc(sizeof(*mem), GFP_KERNEL);
640	if (!mem)
641		return -ENOMEM;
642
643	scn_nr = __section_nr(section);
644	mem->start_section_nr =
645			base_memory_block_id(scn_nr) * sections_per_block;
646	mem->end_section_nr = mem->start_section_nr + sections_per_block - 1;
647	mem->state = state;
 
648	start_pfn = section_nr_to_pfn(mem->start_section_nr);
649	mem->phys_device = arch_get_memory_phys_device(start_pfn);
650
651	ret = register_memory(mem);
652
653	*memory = mem;
654	return ret;
655}
656
657static int add_memory_block(int base_section_nr)
658{
659	struct memory_block *mem;
660	int i, ret, section_count = 0, section_nr;
661
662	for (i = base_section_nr;
663	     (i < base_section_nr + sections_per_block) && i < NR_MEM_SECTIONS;
664	     i++) {
665		if (!present_section_nr(i))
666			continue;
667		if (section_count == 0)
668			section_nr = i;
669		section_count++;
670	}
671
672	if (section_count == 0)
673		return 0;
674	ret = init_memory_block(&mem, __nr_to_section(section_nr), MEM_ONLINE);
675	if (ret)
676		return ret;
677	mem->section_count = section_count;
678	return 0;
679}
680
681static bool is_zone_device_section(struct mem_section *ms)
682{
683	struct page *page;
684
685	page = sparse_decode_mem_map(ms->section_mem_map, __section_nr(ms));
686	return is_zone_device_page(page);
687}
688
689/*
690 * need an interface for the VM to add new memory regions,
691 * but without onlining it.
692 */
693int register_new_memory(int nid, struct mem_section *section)
694{
695	int ret = 0;
696	struct memory_block *mem;
697
698	if (is_zone_device_section(section))
699		return 0;
700
701	mutex_lock(&mem_sysfs_mutex);
702
703	mem = find_memory_block(section);
704	if (mem) {
705		mem->section_count++;
706		put_device(&mem->dev);
707	} else {
708		ret = init_memory_block(&mem, section, MEM_OFFLINE);
709		if (ret)
710			goto out;
711		mem->section_count++;
712	}
713
714	if (mem->section_count == sections_per_block)
715		ret = register_mem_sect_under_node(mem, nid);
716out:
717	mutex_unlock(&mem_sysfs_mutex);
718	return ret;
719}
720
721#ifdef CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTREMOVE
722static void
723unregister_memory(struct memory_block *memory)
724{
725	BUG_ON(memory->dev.bus != &memory_subsys);
726
727	/* drop the ref. we got in remove_memory_block() */
728	put_device(&memory->dev);
729	device_unregister(&memory->dev);
730}
731
732static int remove_memory_section(unsigned long node_id,
733			       struct mem_section *section, int phys_device)
734{
735	struct memory_block *mem;
736
737	if (is_zone_device_section(section))
738		return 0;
739
740	mutex_lock(&mem_sysfs_mutex);
741	mem = find_memory_block(section);
742	unregister_mem_sect_under_nodes(mem, __section_nr(section));
743
744	mem->section_count--;
745	if (mem->section_count == 0)
746		unregister_memory(mem);
747	else
748		put_device(&mem->dev);
749
750	mutex_unlock(&mem_sysfs_mutex);
751	return 0;
752}
753
754int unregister_memory_section(struct mem_section *section)
755{
756	if (!present_section(section))
757		return -EINVAL;
758
759	return remove_memory_section(0, section, 0);
760}
761#endif /* CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTREMOVE */
762
763/* return true if the memory block is offlined, otherwise, return false */
764bool is_memblock_offlined(struct memory_block *mem)
765{
766	return mem->state == MEM_OFFLINE;
767}
768
769static struct attribute *memory_root_attrs[] = {
770#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_MEMORY_PROBE
771	&dev_attr_probe.attr,
772#endif
773
774#ifdef CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE
775	&dev_attr_soft_offline_page.attr,
776	&dev_attr_hard_offline_page.attr,
777#endif
778
779	&dev_attr_block_size_bytes.attr,
780	&dev_attr_auto_online_blocks.attr,
781	NULL
782};
783
784static struct attribute_group memory_root_attr_group = {
785	.attrs = memory_root_attrs,
786};
787
788static const struct attribute_group *memory_root_attr_groups[] = {
789	&memory_root_attr_group,
790	NULL,
791};
792
793/*
794 * Initialize the sysfs support for memory devices...
795 */
796int __init memory_dev_init(void)
797{
798	unsigned int i;
799	int ret;
800	int err;
801	unsigned long block_sz;
802
803	ret = subsys_system_register(&memory_subsys, memory_root_attr_groups);
804	if (ret)
805		goto out;
806
807	block_sz = get_memory_block_size();
808	sections_per_block = block_sz / MIN_MEMORY_BLOCK_SIZE;
809
810	/*
811	 * Create entries for memory sections that were found
812	 * during boot and have been initialized
813	 */
814	mutex_lock(&mem_sysfs_mutex);
815	for (i = 0; i < NR_MEM_SECTIONS; i += sections_per_block) {
816		err = add_memory_block(i);
817		if (!ret)
818			ret = err;
819	}
820	mutex_unlock(&mem_sysfs_mutex);
821
822out:
823	if (ret)
824		printk(KERN_ERR "%s() failed: %d\n", __func__, ret);
825	return ret;
826}