Loading...
1/*
2 * rfd_ftl.c -- resident flash disk (flash translation layer)
3 *
4 * Copyright © 2005 Sean Young <sean@mess.org>
5 *
6 * This type of flash translation layer (FTL) is used by the Embedded BIOS
7 * by General Software. It is known as the Resident Flash Disk (RFD), see:
8 *
9 * http://www.gensw.com/pages/prod/bios/rfd.htm
10 *
11 * based on ftl.c
12 */
13
14#include <linux/hdreg.h>
15#include <linux/init.h>
16#include <linux/mtd/blktrans.h>
17#include <linux/mtd/mtd.h>
18#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
19#include <linux/slab.h>
20#include <linux/jiffies.h>
21
22#include <asm/types.h>
23
24static int block_size = 0;
25module_param(block_size, int, 0);
26MODULE_PARM_DESC(block_size, "Block size to use by RFD, defaults to erase unit size");
27
28#define PREFIX "rfd_ftl: "
29
30/* This major has been assigned by device@lanana.org */
31#ifndef RFD_FTL_MAJOR
32#define RFD_FTL_MAJOR 256
33#endif
34
35/* Maximum number of partitions in an FTL region */
36#define PART_BITS 4
37
38/* An erase unit should start with this value */
39#define RFD_MAGIC 0x9193
40
41/* the second value is 0xffff or 0xffc8; function unknown */
42
43/* the third value is always 0xffff, ignored */
44
45/* next is an array of mapping for each corresponding sector */
46#define HEADER_MAP_OFFSET 3
47#define SECTOR_DELETED 0x0000
48#define SECTOR_ZERO 0xfffe
49#define SECTOR_FREE 0xffff
50
51#define SECTOR_SIZE 512
52
53#define SECTORS_PER_TRACK 63
54
55struct block {
56 enum {
57 BLOCK_OK,
58 BLOCK_ERASING,
59 BLOCK_ERASED,
60 BLOCK_UNUSED,
61 BLOCK_FAILED
62 } state;
63 int free_sectors;
64 int used_sectors;
65 int erases;
66 u_long offset;
67};
68
69struct partition {
70 struct mtd_blktrans_dev mbd;
71
72 u_int block_size; /* size of erase unit */
73 u_int total_blocks; /* number of erase units */
74 u_int header_sectors_per_block; /* header sectors in erase unit */
75 u_int data_sectors_per_block; /* data sectors in erase unit */
76 u_int sector_count; /* sectors in translated disk */
77 u_int header_size; /* bytes in header sector */
78 int reserved_block; /* block next up for reclaim */
79 int current_block; /* block to write to */
80 u16 *header_cache; /* cached header */
81
82 int is_reclaiming;
83 int cylinders;
84 int errors;
85 u_long *sector_map;
86 struct block *blocks;
87};
88
89static int rfd_ftl_writesect(struct mtd_blktrans_dev *dev, u_long sector, char *buf);
90
91static int build_block_map(struct partition *part, int block_no)
92{
93 struct block *block = &part->blocks[block_no];
94 int i;
95
96 block->offset = part->block_size * block_no;
97
98 if (le16_to_cpu(part->header_cache[0]) != RFD_MAGIC) {
99 block->state = BLOCK_UNUSED;
100 return -ENOENT;
101 }
102
103 block->state = BLOCK_OK;
104
105 for (i=0; i<part->data_sectors_per_block; i++) {
106 u16 entry;
107
108 entry = le16_to_cpu(part->header_cache[HEADER_MAP_OFFSET + i]);
109
110 if (entry == SECTOR_DELETED)
111 continue;
112
113 if (entry == SECTOR_FREE) {
114 block->free_sectors++;
115 continue;
116 }
117
118 if (entry == SECTOR_ZERO)
119 entry = 0;
120
121 if (entry >= part->sector_count) {
122 printk(KERN_WARNING PREFIX
123 "'%s': unit #%d: entry %d corrupt, "
124 "sector %d out of range\n",
125 part->mbd.mtd->name, block_no, i, entry);
126 continue;
127 }
128
129 if (part->sector_map[entry] != -1) {
130 printk(KERN_WARNING PREFIX
131 "'%s': more than one entry for sector %d\n",
132 part->mbd.mtd->name, entry);
133 part->errors = 1;
134 continue;
135 }
136
137 part->sector_map[entry] = block->offset +
138 (i + part->header_sectors_per_block) * SECTOR_SIZE;
139
140 block->used_sectors++;
141 }
142
143 if (block->free_sectors == part->data_sectors_per_block)
144 part->reserved_block = block_no;
145
146 return 0;
147}
148
149static int scan_header(struct partition *part)
150{
151 int sectors_per_block;
152 int i, rc = -ENOMEM;
153 int blocks_found;
154 size_t retlen;
155
156 sectors_per_block = part->block_size / SECTOR_SIZE;
157 part->total_blocks = (u32)part->mbd.mtd->size / part->block_size;
158
159 if (part->total_blocks < 2)
160 return -ENOENT;
161
162 /* each erase block has three bytes header, followed by the map */
163 part->header_sectors_per_block =
164 ((HEADER_MAP_OFFSET + sectors_per_block) *
165 sizeof(u16) + SECTOR_SIZE - 1) / SECTOR_SIZE;
166
167 part->data_sectors_per_block = sectors_per_block -
168 part->header_sectors_per_block;
169
170 part->header_size = (HEADER_MAP_OFFSET +
171 part->data_sectors_per_block) * sizeof(u16);
172
173 part->cylinders = (part->data_sectors_per_block *
174 (part->total_blocks - 1) - 1) / SECTORS_PER_TRACK;
175
176 part->sector_count = part->cylinders * SECTORS_PER_TRACK;
177
178 part->current_block = -1;
179 part->reserved_block = -1;
180 part->is_reclaiming = 0;
181
182 part->header_cache = kmalloc(part->header_size, GFP_KERNEL);
183 if (!part->header_cache)
184 goto err;
185
186 part->blocks = kcalloc(part->total_blocks, sizeof(struct block),
187 GFP_KERNEL);
188 if (!part->blocks)
189 goto err;
190
191 part->sector_map = vmalloc(part->sector_count * sizeof(u_long));
192 if (!part->sector_map) {
193 printk(KERN_ERR PREFIX "'%s': unable to allocate memory for "
194 "sector map", part->mbd.mtd->name);
195 goto err;
196 }
197
198 for (i=0; i<part->sector_count; i++)
199 part->sector_map[i] = -1;
200
201 for (i=0, blocks_found=0; i<part->total_blocks; i++) {
202 rc = part->mbd.mtd->read(part->mbd.mtd,
203 i * part->block_size, part->header_size,
204 &retlen, (u_char*)part->header_cache);
205
206 if (!rc && retlen != part->header_size)
207 rc = -EIO;
208
209 if (rc)
210 goto err;
211
212 if (!build_block_map(part, i))
213 blocks_found++;
214 }
215
216 if (blocks_found == 0) {
217 printk(KERN_NOTICE PREFIX "no RFD magic found in '%s'\n",
218 part->mbd.mtd->name);
219 rc = -ENOENT;
220 goto err;
221 }
222
223 if (part->reserved_block == -1) {
224 printk(KERN_WARNING PREFIX "'%s': no empty erase unit found\n",
225 part->mbd.mtd->name);
226
227 part->errors = 1;
228 }
229
230 return 0;
231
232err:
233 vfree(part->sector_map);
234 kfree(part->header_cache);
235 kfree(part->blocks);
236
237 return rc;
238}
239
240static int rfd_ftl_readsect(struct mtd_blktrans_dev *dev, u_long sector, char *buf)
241{
242 struct partition *part = (struct partition*)dev;
243 u_long addr;
244 size_t retlen;
245 int rc;
246
247 if (sector >= part->sector_count)
248 return -EIO;
249
250 addr = part->sector_map[sector];
251 if (addr != -1) {
252 rc = part->mbd.mtd->read(part->mbd.mtd, addr, SECTOR_SIZE,
253 &retlen, (u_char*)buf);
254 if (!rc && retlen != SECTOR_SIZE)
255 rc = -EIO;
256
257 if (rc) {
258 printk(KERN_WARNING PREFIX "error reading '%s' at "
259 "0x%lx\n", part->mbd.mtd->name, addr);
260 return rc;
261 }
262 } else
263 memset(buf, 0, SECTOR_SIZE);
264
265 return 0;
266}
267
268static void erase_callback(struct erase_info *erase)
269{
270 struct partition *part;
271 u16 magic;
272 int i, rc;
273 size_t retlen;
274
275 part = (struct partition*)erase->priv;
276
277 i = (u32)erase->addr / part->block_size;
278 if (i >= part->total_blocks || part->blocks[i].offset != erase->addr ||
279 erase->addr > UINT_MAX) {
280 printk(KERN_ERR PREFIX "erase callback for unknown offset %llx "
281 "on '%s'\n", (unsigned long long)erase->addr, part->mbd.mtd->name);
282 return;
283 }
284
285 if (erase->state != MTD_ERASE_DONE) {
286 printk(KERN_WARNING PREFIX "erase failed at 0x%llx on '%s', "
287 "state %d\n", (unsigned long long)erase->addr,
288 part->mbd.mtd->name, erase->state);
289
290 part->blocks[i].state = BLOCK_FAILED;
291 part->blocks[i].free_sectors = 0;
292 part->blocks[i].used_sectors = 0;
293
294 kfree(erase);
295
296 return;
297 }
298
299 magic = cpu_to_le16(RFD_MAGIC);
300
301 part->blocks[i].state = BLOCK_ERASED;
302 part->blocks[i].free_sectors = part->data_sectors_per_block;
303 part->blocks[i].used_sectors = 0;
304 part->blocks[i].erases++;
305
306 rc = part->mbd.mtd->write(part->mbd.mtd,
307 part->blocks[i].offset, sizeof(magic), &retlen,
308 (u_char*)&magic);
309
310 if (!rc && retlen != sizeof(magic))
311 rc = -EIO;
312
313 if (rc) {
314 printk(KERN_ERR PREFIX "'%s': unable to write RFD "
315 "header at 0x%lx\n",
316 part->mbd.mtd->name,
317 part->blocks[i].offset);
318 part->blocks[i].state = BLOCK_FAILED;
319 }
320 else
321 part->blocks[i].state = BLOCK_OK;
322
323 kfree(erase);
324}
325
326static int erase_block(struct partition *part, int block)
327{
328 struct erase_info *erase;
329 int rc = -ENOMEM;
330
331 erase = kmalloc(sizeof(struct erase_info), GFP_KERNEL);
332 if (!erase)
333 goto err;
334
335 erase->mtd = part->mbd.mtd;
336 erase->callback = erase_callback;
337 erase->addr = part->blocks[block].offset;
338 erase->len = part->block_size;
339 erase->priv = (u_long)part;
340
341 part->blocks[block].state = BLOCK_ERASING;
342 part->blocks[block].free_sectors = 0;
343
344 rc = part->mbd.mtd->erase(part->mbd.mtd, erase);
345
346 if (rc) {
347 printk(KERN_ERR PREFIX "erase of region %llx,%llx on '%s' "
348 "failed\n", (unsigned long long)erase->addr,
349 (unsigned long long)erase->len, part->mbd.mtd->name);
350 kfree(erase);
351 }
352
353err:
354 return rc;
355}
356
357static int move_block_contents(struct partition *part, int block_no, u_long *old_sector)
358{
359 void *sector_data;
360 u16 *map;
361 size_t retlen;
362 int i, rc = -ENOMEM;
363
364 part->is_reclaiming = 1;
365
366 sector_data = kmalloc(SECTOR_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL);
367 if (!sector_data)
368 goto err3;
369
370 map = kmalloc(part->header_size, GFP_KERNEL);
371 if (!map)
372 goto err2;
373
374 rc = part->mbd.mtd->read(part->mbd.mtd,
375 part->blocks[block_no].offset, part->header_size,
376 &retlen, (u_char*)map);
377
378 if (!rc && retlen != part->header_size)
379 rc = -EIO;
380
381 if (rc) {
382 printk(KERN_ERR PREFIX "error reading '%s' at "
383 "0x%lx\n", part->mbd.mtd->name,
384 part->blocks[block_no].offset);
385
386 goto err;
387 }
388
389 for (i=0; i<part->data_sectors_per_block; i++) {
390 u16 entry = le16_to_cpu(map[HEADER_MAP_OFFSET + i]);
391 u_long addr;
392
393
394 if (entry == SECTOR_FREE || entry == SECTOR_DELETED)
395 continue;
396
397 if (entry == SECTOR_ZERO)
398 entry = 0;
399
400 /* already warned about and ignored in build_block_map() */
401 if (entry >= part->sector_count)
402 continue;
403
404 addr = part->blocks[block_no].offset +
405 (i + part->header_sectors_per_block) * SECTOR_SIZE;
406
407 if (*old_sector == addr) {
408 *old_sector = -1;
409 if (!part->blocks[block_no].used_sectors--) {
410 rc = erase_block(part, block_no);
411 break;
412 }
413 continue;
414 }
415 rc = part->mbd.mtd->read(part->mbd.mtd, addr,
416 SECTOR_SIZE, &retlen, sector_data);
417
418 if (!rc && retlen != SECTOR_SIZE)
419 rc = -EIO;
420
421 if (rc) {
422 printk(KERN_ERR PREFIX "'%s': Unable to "
423 "read sector for relocation\n",
424 part->mbd.mtd->name);
425
426 goto err;
427 }
428
429 rc = rfd_ftl_writesect((struct mtd_blktrans_dev*)part,
430 entry, sector_data);
431
432 if (rc)
433 goto err;
434 }
435
436err:
437 kfree(map);
438err2:
439 kfree(sector_data);
440err3:
441 part->is_reclaiming = 0;
442
443 return rc;
444}
445
446static int reclaim_block(struct partition *part, u_long *old_sector)
447{
448 int block, best_block, score, old_sector_block;
449 int rc;
450
451 /* we have a race if sync doesn't exist */
452 if (part->mbd.mtd->sync)
453 part->mbd.mtd->sync(part->mbd.mtd);
454
455 score = 0x7fffffff; /* MAX_INT */
456 best_block = -1;
457 if (*old_sector != -1)
458 old_sector_block = *old_sector / part->block_size;
459 else
460 old_sector_block = -1;
461
462 for (block=0; block<part->total_blocks; block++) {
463 int this_score;
464
465 if (block == part->reserved_block)
466 continue;
467
468 /*
469 * Postpone reclaiming if there is a free sector as
470 * more removed sectors is more efficient (have to move
471 * less).
472 */
473 if (part->blocks[block].free_sectors)
474 return 0;
475
476 this_score = part->blocks[block].used_sectors;
477
478 if (block == old_sector_block)
479 this_score--;
480 else {
481 /* no point in moving a full block */
482 if (part->blocks[block].used_sectors ==
483 part->data_sectors_per_block)
484 continue;
485 }
486
487 this_score += part->blocks[block].erases;
488
489 if (this_score < score) {
490 best_block = block;
491 score = this_score;
492 }
493 }
494
495 if (best_block == -1)
496 return -ENOSPC;
497
498 part->current_block = -1;
499 part->reserved_block = best_block;
500
501 pr_debug("reclaim_block: reclaiming block #%d with %d used "
502 "%d free sectors\n", best_block,
503 part->blocks[best_block].used_sectors,
504 part->blocks[best_block].free_sectors);
505
506 if (part->blocks[best_block].used_sectors)
507 rc = move_block_contents(part, best_block, old_sector);
508 else
509 rc = erase_block(part, best_block);
510
511 return rc;
512}
513
514/*
515 * IMPROVE: It would be best to choose the block with the most deleted sectors,
516 * because if we fill that one up first it'll have the most chance of having
517 * the least live sectors at reclaim.
518 */
519static int find_free_block(struct partition *part)
520{
521 int block, stop;
522
523 block = part->current_block == -1 ?
524 jiffies % part->total_blocks : part->current_block;
525 stop = block;
526
527 do {
528 if (part->blocks[block].free_sectors &&
529 block != part->reserved_block)
530 return block;
531
532 if (part->blocks[block].state == BLOCK_UNUSED)
533 erase_block(part, block);
534
535 if (++block >= part->total_blocks)
536 block = 0;
537
538 } while (block != stop);
539
540 return -1;
541}
542
543static int find_writable_block(struct partition *part, u_long *old_sector)
544{
545 int rc, block;
546 size_t retlen;
547
548 block = find_free_block(part);
549
550 if (block == -1) {
551 if (!part->is_reclaiming) {
552 rc = reclaim_block(part, old_sector);
553 if (rc)
554 goto err;
555
556 block = find_free_block(part);
557 }
558
559 if (block == -1) {
560 rc = -ENOSPC;
561 goto err;
562 }
563 }
564
565 rc = part->mbd.mtd->read(part->mbd.mtd, part->blocks[block].offset,
566 part->header_size, &retlen, (u_char*)part->header_cache);
567
568 if (!rc && retlen != part->header_size)
569 rc = -EIO;
570
571 if (rc) {
572 printk(KERN_ERR PREFIX "'%s': unable to read header at "
573 "0x%lx\n", part->mbd.mtd->name,
574 part->blocks[block].offset);
575 goto err;
576 }
577
578 part->current_block = block;
579
580err:
581 return rc;
582}
583
584static int mark_sector_deleted(struct partition *part, u_long old_addr)
585{
586 int block, offset, rc;
587 u_long addr;
588 size_t retlen;
589 u16 del = cpu_to_le16(SECTOR_DELETED);
590
591 block = old_addr / part->block_size;
592 offset = (old_addr % part->block_size) / SECTOR_SIZE -
593 part->header_sectors_per_block;
594
595 addr = part->blocks[block].offset +
596 (HEADER_MAP_OFFSET + offset) * sizeof(u16);
597 rc = part->mbd.mtd->write(part->mbd.mtd, addr,
598 sizeof(del), &retlen, (u_char*)&del);
599
600 if (!rc && retlen != sizeof(del))
601 rc = -EIO;
602
603 if (rc) {
604 printk(KERN_ERR PREFIX "error writing '%s' at "
605 "0x%lx\n", part->mbd.mtd->name, addr);
606 if (rc)
607 goto err;
608 }
609 if (block == part->current_block)
610 part->header_cache[offset + HEADER_MAP_OFFSET] = del;
611
612 part->blocks[block].used_sectors--;
613
614 if (!part->blocks[block].used_sectors &&
615 !part->blocks[block].free_sectors)
616 rc = erase_block(part, block);
617
618err:
619 return rc;
620}
621
622static int find_free_sector(const struct partition *part, const struct block *block)
623{
624 int i, stop;
625
626 i = stop = part->data_sectors_per_block - block->free_sectors;
627
628 do {
629 if (le16_to_cpu(part->header_cache[HEADER_MAP_OFFSET + i])
630 == SECTOR_FREE)
631 return i;
632
633 if (++i == part->data_sectors_per_block)
634 i = 0;
635 }
636 while(i != stop);
637
638 return -1;
639}
640
641static int do_writesect(struct mtd_blktrans_dev *dev, u_long sector, char *buf, ulong *old_addr)
642{
643 struct partition *part = (struct partition*)dev;
644 struct block *block;
645 u_long addr;
646 int i;
647 int rc;
648 size_t retlen;
649 u16 entry;
650
651 if (part->current_block == -1 ||
652 !part->blocks[part->current_block].free_sectors) {
653
654 rc = find_writable_block(part, old_addr);
655 if (rc)
656 goto err;
657 }
658
659 block = &part->blocks[part->current_block];
660
661 i = find_free_sector(part, block);
662
663 if (i < 0) {
664 rc = -ENOSPC;
665 goto err;
666 }
667
668 addr = (i + part->header_sectors_per_block) * SECTOR_SIZE +
669 block->offset;
670 rc = part->mbd.mtd->write(part->mbd.mtd,
671 addr, SECTOR_SIZE, &retlen, (u_char*)buf);
672
673 if (!rc && retlen != SECTOR_SIZE)
674 rc = -EIO;
675
676 if (rc) {
677 printk(KERN_ERR PREFIX "error writing '%s' at 0x%lx\n",
678 part->mbd.mtd->name, addr);
679 if (rc)
680 goto err;
681 }
682
683 part->sector_map[sector] = addr;
684
685 entry = cpu_to_le16(sector == 0 ? SECTOR_ZERO : sector);
686
687 part->header_cache[i + HEADER_MAP_OFFSET] = entry;
688
689 addr = block->offset + (HEADER_MAP_OFFSET + i) * sizeof(u16);
690 rc = part->mbd.mtd->write(part->mbd.mtd, addr,
691 sizeof(entry), &retlen, (u_char*)&entry);
692
693 if (!rc && retlen != sizeof(entry))
694 rc = -EIO;
695
696 if (rc) {
697 printk(KERN_ERR PREFIX "error writing '%s' at 0x%lx\n",
698 part->mbd.mtd->name, addr);
699 if (rc)
700 goto err;
701 }
702 block->used_sectors++;
703 block->free_sectors--;
704
705err:
706 return rc;
707}
708
709static int rfd_ftl_writesect(struct mtd_blktrans_dev *dev, u_long sector, char *buf)
710{
711 struct partition *part = (struct partition*)dev;
712 u_long old_addr;
713 int i;
714 int rc = 0;
715
716 pr_debug("rfd_ftl_writesect(sector=0x%lx)\n", sector);
717
718 if (part->reserved_block == -1) {
719 rc = -EACCES;
720 goto err;
721 }
722
723 if (sector >= part->sector_count) {
724 rc = -EIO;
725 goto err;
726 }
727
728 old_addr = part->sector_map[sector];
729
730 for (i=0; i<SECTOR_SIZE; i++) {
731 if (!buf[i])
732 continue;
733
734 rc = do_writesect(dev, sector, buf, &old_addr);
735 if (rc)
736 goto err;
737 break;
738 }
739
740 if (i == SECTOR_SIZE)
741 part->sector_map[sector] = -1;
742
743 if (old_addr != -1)
744 rc = mark_sector_deleted(part, old_addr);
745
746err:
747 return rc;
748}
749
750static int rfd_ftl_getgeo(struct mtd_blktrans_dev *dev, struct hd_geometry *geo)
751{
752 struct partition *part = (struct partition*)dev;
753
754 geo->heads = 1;
755 geo->sectors = SECTORS_PER_TRACK;
756 geo->cylinders = part->cylinders;
757
758 return 0;
759}
760
761static void rfd_ftl_add_mtd(struct mtd_blktrans_ops *tr, struct mtd_info *mtd)
762{
763 struct partition *part;
764
765 if (mtd->type != MTD_NORFLASH || mtd->size > UINT_MAX)
766 return;
767
768 part = kzalloc(sizeof(struct partition), GFP_KERNEL);
769 if (!part)
770 return;
771
772 part->mbd.mtd = mtd;
773
774 if (block_size)
775 part->block_size = block_size;
776 else {
777 if (!mtd->erasesize) {
778 printk(KERN_WARNING PREFIX "please provide block_size");
779 goto out;
780 } else
781 part->block_size = mtd->erasesize;
782 }
783
784 if (scan_header(part) == 0) {
785 part->mbd.size = part->sector_count;
786 part->mbd.tr = tr;
787 part->mbd.devnum = -1;
788 if (!(mtd->flags & MTD_WRITEABLE))
789 part->mbd.readonly = 1;
790 else if (part->errors) {
791 printk(KERN_WARNING PREFIX "'%s': errors found, "
792 "setting read-only\n", mtd->name);
793 part->mbd.readonly = 1;
794 }
795
796 printk(KERN_INFO PREFIX "name: '%s' type: %d flags %x\n",
797 mtd->name, mtd->type, mtd->flags);
798
799 if (!add_mtd_blktrans_dev((void*)part))
800 return;
801 }
802out:
803 kfree(part);
804}
805
806static void rfd_ftl_remove_dev(struct mtd_blktrans_dev *dev)
807{
808 struct partition *part = (struct partition*)dev;
809 int i;
810
811 for (i=0; i<part->total_blocks; i++) {
812 pr_debug("rfd_ftl_remove_dev:'%s': erase unit #%02d: %d erases\n",
813 part->mbd.mtd->name, i, part->blocks[i].erases);
814 }
815
816 del_mtd_blktrans_dev(dev);
817 vfree(part->sector_map);
818 kfree(part->header_cache);
819 kfree(part->blocks);
820}
821
822static struct mtd_blktrans_ops rfd_ftl_tr = {
823 .name = "rfd",
824 .major = RFD_FTL_MAJOR,
825 .part_bits = PART_BITS,
826 .blksize = SECTOR_SIZE,
827
828 .readsect = rfd_ftl_readsect,
829 .writesect = rfd_ftl_writesect,
830 .getgeo = rfd_ftl_getgeo,
831 .add_mtd = rfd_ftl_add_mtd,
832 .remove_dev = rfd_ftl_remove_dev,
833 .owner = THIS_MODULE,
834};
835
836static int __init init_rfd_ftl(void)
837{
838 return register_mtd_blktrans(&rfd_ftl_tr);
839}
840
841static void __exit cleanup_rfd_ftl(void)
842{
843 deregister_mtd_blktrans(&rfd_ftl_tr);
844}
845
846module_init(init_rfd_ftl);
847module_exit(cleanup_rfd_ftl);
848
849MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
850MODULE_AUTHOR("Sean Young <sean@mess.org>");
851MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Support code for RFD Flash Translation Layer, "
852 "used by General Software's Embedded BIOS");
853
1// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
2/*
3 * rfd_ftl.c -- resident flash disk (flash translation layer)
4 *
5 * Copyright © 2005 Sean Young <sean@mess.org>
6 *
7 * This type of flash translation layer (FTL) is used by the Embedded BIOS
8 * by General Software. It is known as the Resident Flash Disk (RFD), see:
9 *
10 * http://www.gensw.com/pages/prod/bios/rfd.htm
11 *
12 * based on ftl.c
13 */
14
15#include <linux/hdreg.h>
16#include <linux/init.h>
17#include <linux/mtd/blktrans.h>
18#include <linux/mtd/mtd.h>
19#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
20#include <linux/slab.h>
21#include <linux/jiffies.h>
22#include <linux/module.h>
23
24#include <asm/types.h>
25
26static int block_size = 0;
27module_param(block_size, int, 0);
28MODULE_PARM_DESC(block_size, "Block size to use by RFD, defaults to erase unit size");
29
30#define PREFIX "rfd_ftl: "
31
32/* This major has been assigned by device@lanana.org */
33#ifndef RFD_FTL_MAJOR
34#define RFD_FTL_MAJOR 256
35#endif
36
37/* Maximum number of partitions in an FTL region */
38#define PART_BITS 4
39
40/* An erase unit should start with this value */
41#define RFD_MAGIC 0x9193
42
43/* the second value is 0xffff or 0xffc8; function unknown */
44
45/* the third value is always 0xffff, ignored */
46
47/* next is an array of mapping for each corresponding sector */
48#define HEADER_MAP_OFFSET 3
49#define SECTOR_DELETED 0x0000
50#define SECTOR_ZERO 0xfffe
51#define SECTOR_FREE 0xffff
52
53#define SECTOR_SIZE 512
54
55#define SECTORS_PER_TRACK 63
56
57struct block {
58 enum {
59 BLOCK_OK,
60 BLOCK_ERASING,
61 BLOCK_ERASED,
62 BLOCK_UNUSED,
63 BLOCK_FAILED
64 } state;
65 int free_sectors;
66 int used_sectors;
67 int erases;
68 u_long offset;
69};
70
71struct partition {
72 struct mtd_blktrans_dev mbd;
73
74 u_int block_size; /* size of erase unit */
75 u_int total_blocks; /* number of erase units */
76 u_int header_sectors_per_block; /* header sectors in erase unit */
77 u_int data_sectors_per_block; /* data sectors in erase unit */
78 u_int sector_count; /* sectors in translated disk */
79 u_int header_size; /* bytes in header sector */
80 int reserved_block; /* block next up for reclaim */
81 int current_block; /* block to write to */
82 u16 *header_cache; /* cached header */
83
84 int is_reclaiming;
85 int cylinders;
86 int errors;
87 u_long *sector_map;
88 struct block *blocks;
89};
90
91static int rfd_ftl_writesect(struct mtd_blktrans_dev *dev, u_long sector, char *buf);
92
93static int build_block_map(struct partition *part, int block_no)
94{
95 struct block *block = &part->blocks[block_no];
96 int i;
97
98 block->offset = part->block_size * block_no;
99
100 if (le16_to_cpu(part->header_cache[0]) != RFD_MAGIC) {
101 block->state = BLOCK_UNUSED;
102 return -ENOENT;
103 }
104
105 block->state = BLOCK_OK;
106
107 for (i=0; i<part->data_sectors_per_block; i++) {
108 u16 entry;
109
110 entry = le16_to_cpu(part->header_cache[HEADER_MAP_OFFSET + i]);
111
112 if (entry == SECTOR_DELETED)
113 continue;
114
115 if (entry == SECTOR_FREE) {
116 block->free_sectors++;
117 continue;
118 }
119
120 if (entry == SECTOR_ZERO)
121 entry = 0;
122
123 if (entry >= part->sector_count) {
124 printk(KERN_WARNING PREFIX
125 "'%s': unit #%d: entry %d corrupt, "
126 "sector %d out of range\n",
127 part->mbd.mtd->name, block_no, i, entry);
128 continue;
129 }
130
131 if (part->sector_map[entry] != -1) {
132 printk(KERN_WARNING PREFIX
133 "'%s': more than one entry for sector %d\n",
134 part->mbd.mtd->name, entry);
135 part->errors = 1;
136 continue;
137 }
138
139 part->sector_map[entry] = block->offset +
140 (i + part->header_sectors_per_block) * SECTOR_SIZE;
141
142 block->used_sectors++;
143 }
144
145 if (block->free_sectors == part->data_sectors_per_block)
146 part->reserved_block = block_no;
147
148 return 0;
149}
150
151static int scan_header(struct partition *part)
152{
153 int sectors_per_block;
154 int i, rc = -ENOMEM;
155 int blocks_found;
156 size_t retlen;
157
158 sectors_per_block = part->block_size / SECTOR_SIZE;
159 part->total_blocks = (u32)part->mbd.mtd->size / part->block_size;
160
161 if (part->total_blocks < 2)
162 return -ENOENT;
163
164 /* each erase block has three bytes header, followed by the map */
165 part->header_sectors_per_block =
166 ((HEADER_MAP_OFFSET + sectors_per_block) *
167 sizeof(u16) + SECTOR_SIZE - 1) / SECTOR_SIZE;
168
169 part->data_sectors_per_block = sectors_per_block -
170 part->header_sectors_per_block;
171
172 part->header_size = (HEADER_MAP_OFFSET +
173 part->data_sectors_per_block) * sizeof(u16);
174
175 part->cylinders = (part->data_sectors_per_block *
176 (part->total_blocks - 1) - 1) / SECTORS_PER_TRACK;
177
178 part->sector_count = part->cylinders * SECTORS_PER_TRACK;
179
180 part->current_block = -1;
181 part->reserved_block = -1;
182 part->is_reclaiming = 0;
183
184 part->header_cache = kmalloc(part->header_size, GFP_KERNEL);
185 if (!part->header_cache)
186 goto err;
187
188 part->blocks = kcalloc(part->total_blocks, sizeof(struct block),
189 GFP_KERNEL);
190 if (!part->blocks)
191 goto err;
192
193 part->sector_map = vmalloc(array_size(sizeof(u_long),
194 part->sector_count));
195 if (!part->sector_map) {
196 printk(KERN_ERR PREFIX "'%s': unable to allocate memory for "
197 "sector map", part->mbd.mtd->name);
198 goto err;
199 }
200
201 for (i=0; i<part->sector_count; i++)
202 part->sector_map[i] = -1;
203
204 for (i=0, blocks_found=0; i<part->total_blocks; i++) {
205 rc = mtd_read(part->mbd.mtd, i * part->block_size,
206 part->header_size, &retlen,
207 (u_char *)part->header_cache);
208
209 if (!rc && retlen != part->header_size)
210 rc = -EIO;
211
212 if (rc)
213 goto err;
214
215 if (!build_block_map(part, i))
216 blocks_found++;
217 }
218
219 if (blocks_found == 0) {
220 printk(KERN_NOTICE PREFIX "no RFD magic found in '%s'\n",
221 part->mbd.mtd->name);
222 rc = -ENOENT;
223 goto err;
224 }
225
226 if (part->reserved_block == -1) {
227 printk(KERN_WARNING PREFIX "'%s': no empty erase unit found\n",
228 part->mbd.mtd->name);
229
230 part->errors = 1;
231 }
232
233 return 0;
234
235err:
236 vfree(part->sector_map);
237 kfree(part->header_cache);
238 kfree(part->blocks);
239
240 return rc;
241}
242
243static int rfd_ftl_readsect(struct mtd_blktrans_dev *dev, u_long sector, char *buf)
244{
245 struct partition *part = (struct partition*)dev;
246 u_long addr;
247 size_t retlen;
248 int rc;
249
250 if (sector >= part->sector_count)
251 return -EIO;
252
253 addr = part->sector_map[sector];
254 if (addr != -1) {
255 rc = mtd_read(part->mbd.mtd, addr, SECTOR_SIZE, &retlen,
256 (u_char *)buf);
257 if (!rc && retlen != SECTOR_SIZE)
258 rc = -EIO;
259
260 if (rc) {
261 printk(KERN_WARNING PREFIX "error reading '%s' at "
262 "0x%lx\n", part->mbd.mtd->name, addr);
263 return rc;
264 }
265 } else
266 memset(buf, 0, SECTOR_SIZE);
267
268 return 0;
269}
270
271static int erase_block(struct partition *part, int block)
272{
273 struct erase_info *erase;
274 int rc;
275
276 erase = kmalloc(sizeof(struct erase_info), GFP_KERNEL);
277 if (!erase)
278 return -ENOMEM;
279
280 erase->addr = part->blocks[block].offset;
281 erase->len = part->block_size;
282
283 part->blocks[block].state = BLOCK_ERASING;
284 part->blocks[block].free_sectors = 0;
285
286 rc = mtd_erase(part->mbd.mtd, erase);
287 if (rc) {
288 printk(KERN_ERR PREFIX "erase of region %llx,%llx on '%s' "
289 "failed\n", (unsigned long long)erase->addr,
290 (unsigned long long)erase->len, part->mbd.mtd->name);
291 part->blocks[block].state = BLOCK_FAILED;
292 part->blocks[block].free_sectors = 0;
293 part->blocks[block].used_sectors = 0;
294 } else {
295 u16 magic = cpu_to_le16(RFD_MAGIC);
296 size_t retlen;
297
298 part->blocks[block].state = BLOCK_ERASED;
299 part->blocks[block].free_sectors = part->data_sectors_per_block;
300 part->blocks[block].used_sectors = 0;
301 part->blocks[block].erases++;
302
303 rc = mtd_write(part->mbd.mtd, part->blocks[block].offset,
304 sizeof(magic), &retlen, (u_char *)&magic);
305 if (!rc && retlen != sizeof(magic))
306 rc = -EIO;
307
308 if (rc) {
309 pr_err(PREFIX "'%s': unable to write RFD header at 0x%lx\n",
310 part->mbd.mtd->name, part->blocks[block].offset);
311 part->blocks[block].state = BLOCK_FAILED;
312 } else {
313 part->blocks[block].state = BLOCK_OK;
314 }
315 }
316
317 kfree(erase);
318
319 return rc;
320}
321
322static int move_block_contents(struct partition *part, int block_no, u_long *old_sector)
323{
324 void *sector_data;
325 u16 *map;
326 size_t retlen;
327 int i, rc = -ENOMEM;
328
329 part->is_reclaiming = 1;
330
331 sector_data = kmalloc(SECTOR_SIZE, GFP_KERNEL);
332 if (!sector_data)
333 goto err3;
334
335 map = kmalloc(part->header_size, GFP_KERNEL);
336 if (!map)
337 goto err2;
338
339 rc = mtd_read(part->mbd.mtd, part->blocks[block_no].offset,
340 part->header_size, &retlen, (u_char *)map);
341
342 if (!rc && retlen != part->header_size)
343 rc = -EIO;
344
345 if (rc) {
346 printk(KERN_ERR PREFIX "error reading '%s' at "
347 "0x%lx\n", part->mbd.mtd->name,
348 part->blocks[block_no].offset);
349
350 goto err;
351 }
352
353 for (i=0; i<part->data_sectors_per_block; i++) {
354 u16 entry = le16_to_cpu(map[HEADER_MAP_OFFSET + i]);
355 u_long addr;
356
357
358 if (entry == SECTOR_FREE || entry == SECTOR_DELETED)
359 continue;
360
361 if (entry == SECTOR_ZERO)
362 entry = 0;
363
364 /* already warned about and ignored in build_block_map() */
365 if (entry >= part->sector_count)
366 continue;
367
368 addr = part->blocks[block_no].offset +
369 (i + part->header_sectors_per_block) * SECTOR_SIZE;
370
371 if (*old_sector == addr) {
372 *old_sector = -1;
373 if (!part->blocks[block_no].used_sectors--) {
374 rc = erase_block(part, block_no);
375 break;
376 }
377 continue;
378 }
379 rc = mtd_read(part->mbd.mtd, addr, SECTOR_SIZE, &retlen,
380 sector_data);
381
382 if (!rc && retlen != SECTOR_SIZE)
383 rc = -EIO;
384
385 if (rc) {
386 printk(KERN_ERR PREFIX "'%s': Unable to "
387 "read sector for relocation\n",
388 part->mbd.mtd->name);
389
390 goto err;
391 }
392
393 rc = rfd_ftl_writesect((struct mtd_blktrans_dev*)part,
394 entry, sector_data);
395
396 if (rc)
397 goto err;
398 }
399
400err:
401 kfree(map);
402err2:
403 kfree(sector_data);
404err3:
405 part->is_reclaiming = 0;
406
407 return rc;
408}
409
410static int reclaim_block(struct partition *part, u_long *old_sector)
411{
412 int block, best_block, score, old_sector_block;
413 int rc;
414
415 /* we have a race if sync doesn't exist */
416 mtd_sync(part->mbd.mtd);
417
418 score = 0x7fffffff; /* MAX_INT */
419 best_block = -1;
420 if (*old_sector != -1)
421 old_sector_block = *old_sector / part->block_size;
422 else
423 old_sector_block = -1;
424
425 for (block=0; block<part->total_blocks; block++) {
426 int this_score;
427
428 if (block == part->reserved_block)
429 continue;
430
431 /*
432 * Postpone reclaiming if there is a free sector as
433 * more removed sectors is more efficient (have to move
434 * less).
435 */
436 if (part->blocks[block].free_sectors)
437 return 0;
438
439 this_score = part->blocks[block].used_sectors;
440
441 if (block == old_sector_block)
442 this_score--;
443 else {
444 /* no point in moving a full block */
445 if (part->blocks[block].used_sectors ==
446 part->data_sectors_per_block)
447 continue;
448 }
449
450 this_score += part->blocks[block].erases;
451
452 if (this_score < score) {
453 best_block = block;
454 score = this_score;
455 }
456 }
457
458 if (best_block == -1)
459 return -ENOSPC;
460
461 part->current_block = -1;
462 part->reserved_block = best_block;
463
464 pr_debug("reclaim_block: reclaiming block #%d with %d used "
465 "%d free sectors\n", best_block,
466 part->blocks[best_block].used_sectors,
467 part->blocks[best_block].free_sectors);
468
469 if (part->blocks[best_block].used_sectors)
470 rc = move_block_contents(part, best_block, old_sector);
471 else
472 rc = erase_block(part, best_block);
473
474 return rc;
475}
476
477/*
478 * IMPROVE: It would be best to choose the block with the most deleted sectors,
479 * because if we fill that one up first it'll have the most chance of having
480 * the least live sectors at reclaim.
481 */
482static int find_free_block(struct partition *part)
483{
484 int block, stop;
485
486 block = part->current_block == -1 ?
487 jiffies % part->total_blocks : part->current_block;
488 stop = block;
489
490 do {
491 if (part->blocks[block].free_sectors &&
492 block != part->reserved_block)
493 return block;
494
495 if (part->blocks[block].state == BLOCK_UNUSED)
496 erase_block(part, block);
497
498 if (++block >= part->total_blocks)
499 block = 0;
500
501 } while (block != stop);
502
503 return -1;
504}
505
506static int find_writable_block(struct partition *part, u_long *old_sector)
507{
508 int rc, block;
509 size_t retlen;
510
511 block = find_free_block(part);
512
513 if (block == -1) {
514 if (!part->is_reclaiming) {
515 rc = reclaim_block(part, old_sector);
516 if (rc)
517 goto err;
518
519 block = find_free_block(part);
520 }
521
522 if (block == -1) {
523 rc = -ENOSPC;
524 goto err;
525 }
526 }
527
528 rc = mtd_read(part->mbd.mtd, part->blocks[block].offset,
529 part->header_size, &retlen,
530 (u_char *)part->header_cache);
531
532 if (!rc && retlen != part->header_size)
533 rc = -EIO;
534
535 if (rc) {
536 printk(KERN_ERR PREFIX "'%s': unable to read header at "
537 "0x%lx\n", part->mbd.mtd->name,
538 part->blocks[block].offset);
539 goto err;
540 }
541
542 part->current_block = block;
543
544err:
545 return rc;
546}
547
548static int mark_sector_deleted(struct partition *part, u_long old_addr)
549{
550 int block, offset, rc;
551 u_long addr;
552 size_t retlen;
553 u16 del = cpu_to_le16(SECTOR_DELETED);
554
555 block = old_addr / part->block_size;
556 offset = (old_addr % part->block_size) / SECTOR_SIZE -
557 part->header_sectors_per_block;
558
559 addr = part->blocks[block].offset +
560 (HEADER_MAP_OFFSET + offset) * sizeof(u16);
561 rc = mtd_write(part->mbd.mtd, addr, sizeof(del), &retlen,
562 (u_char *)&del);
563
564 if (!rc && retlen != sizeof(del))
565 rc = -EIO;
566
567 if (rc) {
568 printk(KERN_ERR PREFIX "error writing '%s' at "
569 "0x%lx\n", part->mbd.mtd->name, addr);
570 goto err;
571 }
572 if (block == part->current_block)
573 part->header_cache[offset + HEADER_MAP_OFFSET] = del;
574
575 part->blocks[block].used_sectors--;
576
577 if (!part->blocks[block].used_sectors &&
578 !part->blocks[block].free_sectors)
579 rc = erase_block(part, block);
580
581err:
582 return rc;
583}
584
585static int find_free_sector(const struct partition *part, const struct block *block)
586{
587 int i, stop;
588
589 i = stop = part->data_sectors_per_block - block->free_sectors;
590
591 do {
592 if (le16_to_cpu(part->header_cache[HEADER_MAP_OFFSET + i])
593 == SECTOR_FREE)
594 return i;
595
596 if (++i == part->data_sectors_per_block)
597 i = 0;
598 }
599 while(i != stop);
600
601 return -1;
602}
603
604static int do_writesect(struct mtd_blktrans_dev *dev, u_long sector, char *buf, ulong *old_addr)
605{
606 struct partition *part = (struct partition*)dev;
607 struct block *block;
608 u_long addr;
609 int i;
610 int rc;
611 size_t retlen;
612 u16 entry;
613
614 if (part->current_block == -1 ||
615 !part->blocks[part->current_block].free_sectors) {
616
617 rc = find_writable_block(part, old_addr);
618 if (rc)
619 goto err;
620 }
621
622 block = &part->blocks[part->current_block];
623
624 i = find_free_sector(part, block);
625
626 if (i < 0) {
627 rc = -ENOSPC;
628 goto err;
629 }
630
631 addr = (i + part->header_sectors_per_block) * SECTOR_SIZE +
632 block->offset;
633 rc = mtd_write(part->mbd.mtd, addr, SECTOR_SIZE, &retlen,
634 (u_char *)buf);
635
636 if (!rc && retlen != SECTOR_SIZE)
637 rc = -EIO;
638
639 if (rc) {
640 printk(KERN_ERR PREFIX "error writing '%s' at 0x%lx\n",
641 part->mbd.mtd->name, addr);
642 goto err;
643 }
644
645 part->sector_map[sector] = addr;
646
647 entry = cpu_to_le16(sector == 0 ? SECTOR_ZERO : sector);
648
649 part->header_cache[i + HEADER_MAP_OFFSET] = entry;
650
651 addr = block->offset + (HEADER_MAP_OFFSET + i) * sizeof(u16);
652 rc = mtd_write(part->mbd.mtd, addr, sizeof(entry), &retlen,
653 (u_char *)&entry);
654
655 if (!rc && retlen != sizeof(entry))
656 rc = -EIO;
657
658 if (rc) {
659 printk(KERN_ERR PREFIX "error writing '%s' at 0x%lx\n",
660 part->mbd.mtd->name, addr);
661 goto err;
662 }
663 block->used_sectors++;
664 block->free_sectors--;
665
666err:
667 return rc;
668}
669
670static int rfd_ftl_writesect(struct mtd_blktrans_dev *dev, u_long sector, char *buf)
671{
672 struct partition *part = (struct partition*)dev;
673 u_long old_addr;
674 int i;
675 int rc = 0;
676
677 pr_debug("rfd_ftl_writesect(sector=0x%lx)\n", sector);
678
679 if (part->reserved_block == -1) {
680 rc = -EACCES;
681 goto err;
682 }
683
684 if (sector >= part->sector_count) {
685 rc = -EIO;
686 goto err;
687 }
688
689 old_addr = part->sector_map[sector];
690
691 for (i=0; i<SECTOR_SIZE; i++) {
692 if (!buf[i])
693 continue;
694
695 rc = do_writesect(dev, sector, buf, &old_addr);
696 if (rc)
697 goto err;
698 break;
699 }
700
701 if (i == SECTOR_SIZE)
702 part->sector_map[sector] = -1;
703
704 if (old_addr != -1)
705 rc = mark_sector_deleted(part, old_addr);
706
707err:
708 return rc;
709}
710
711static int rfd_ftl_getgeo(struct mtd_blktrans_dev *dev, struct hd_geometry *geo)
712{
713 struct partition *part = (struct partition*)dev;
714
715 geo->heads = 1;
716 geo->sectors = SECTORS_PER_TRACK;
717 geo->cylinders = part->cylinders;
718
719 return 0;
720}
721
722static void rfd_ftl_add_mtd(struct mtd_blktrans_ops *tr, struct mtd_info *mtd)
723{
724 struct partition *part;
725
726 if (mtd->type != MTD_NORFLASH || mtd->size > UINT_MAX)
727 return;
728
729 part = kzalloc(sizeof(struct partition), GFP_KERNEL);
730 if (!part)
731 return;
732
733 part->mbd.mtd = mtd;
734
735 if (block_size)
736 part->block_size = block_size;
737 else {
738 if (!mtd->erasesize) {
739 printk(KERN_WARNING PREFIX "please provide block_size");
740 goto out;
741 } else
742 part->block_size = mtd->erasesize;
743 }
744
745 if (scan_header(part) == 0) {
746 part->mbd.size = part->sector_count;
747 part->mbd.tr = tr;
748 part->mbd.devnum = -1;
749 if (!(mtd->flags & MTD_WRITEABLE))
750 part->mbd.readonly = 1;
751 else if (part->errors) {
752 printk(KERN_WARNING PREFIX "'%s': errors found, "
753 "setting read-only\n", mtd->name);
754 part->mbd.readonly = 1;
755 }
756
757 printk(KERN_INFO PREFIX "name: '%s' type: %d flags %x\n",
758 mtd->name, mtd->type, mtd->flags);
759
760 if (!add_mtd_blktrans_dev((void*)part))
761 return;
762 }
763out:
764 kfree(part);
765}
766
767static void rfd_ftl_remove_dev(struct mtd_blktrans_dev *dev)
768{
769 struct partition *part = (struct partition*)dev;
770 int i;
771
772 for (i=0; i<part->total_blocks; i++) {
773 pr_debug("rfd_ftl_remove_dev:'%s': erase unit #%02d: %d erases\n",
774 part->mbd.mtd->name, i, part->blocks[i].erases);
775 }
776
777 del_mtd_blktrans_dev(dev);
778 vfree(part->sector_map);
779 kfree(part->header_cache);
780 kfree(part->blocks);
781}
782
783static struct mtd_blktrans_ops rfd_ftl_tr = {
784 .name = "rfd",
785 .major = RFD_FTL_MAJOR,
786 .part_bits = PART_BITS,
787 .blksize = SECTOR_SIZE,
788
789 .readsect = rfd_ftl_readsect,
790 .writesect = rfd_ftl_writesect,
791 .getgeo = rfd_ftl_getgeo,
792 .add_mtd = rfd_ftl_add_mtd,
793 .remove_dev = rfd_ftl_remove_dev,
794 .owner = THIS_MODULE,
795};
796
797static int __init init_rfd_ftl(void)
798{
799 return register_mtd_blktrans(&rfd_ftl_tr);
800}
801
802static void __exit cleanup_rfd_ftl(void)
803{
804 deregister_mtd_blktrans(&rfd_ftl_tr);
805}
806
807module_init(init_rfd_ftl);
808module_exit(cleanup_rfd_ftl);
809
810MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
811MODULE_AUTHOR("Sean Young <sean@mess.org>");
812MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Support code for RFD Flash Translation Layer, "
813 "used by General Software's Embedded BIOS");
814